China operation

Celanese recently announced an expansion that will double its tow and flake capacity from 35,750 metric tons to 60,500 metric tons by 1994 (106). The increased capacity will be achieved through expansions and productivity improvements at the U.S., Belgium, Canada, Mexico, and China operation centers. 

The Xi an Huian Industrial Group in Xi an, China, operates a nitroglycerin plant at 15 kg/h production that has been developed and installed by IMM (see Figure 5.31) [62]. 

Most recently, he served as Technical Director for Colgate-Palmolive Company s Greater China operation. He is the author of Material and Energy Balances as well as being author or co-author of several scientific papers and book chapters, including a chapter on foam additives in Foams Theory, Measurements, and Applications (Marcel Dekker, Inc.), and two chapters in the first edition and four chapters in this second edition of Liquid Detergents. 

Similarly, a medimn sized medical software company recently approached SIP about setting up its first China operation, and here is what SIP offered ... 

Establish full integration of China operations into regional and global efforts... 

Nesting China operations into the business as a whoie... 

Does your China office have a significant portion of the profit and loss responsibility for your China operations ... 

Have you planned for management succession through the evolution and growth of your China operation ... 

CITIC Building, Suite 902, 19 Jianguomenwai Dajie, Beijing 10004, PR China Tei +86 10 6592 0727 Fax +86 10 6512 5854 Contact Patrick Powers, Director of China Operations (pjpowers uschina.org.cn)... 

Contact lain McDaniels, Deputy Director of China Operations... 

Sodium Hydroxide. Before World War 1, nearly all sodium hydroxide [1310-93-2], NaOH, was produced by the reaction of soda ash and lime. The subsequent rapid development of electrolytic production processes, resulting from growing demand for chlorine, effectively shut down the old lime—soda plants except in Eastern Europe, the USSR, India, and China. Recent changes in chlorine consumption have reduced demand, putting pressure on the price and availabiHty of caustic soda (NaOH). Because this trend is expected to continue, there is renewed interest in the lime—soda production process. EMC operates a 50,000 t/yr caustic soda plant that uses this technology at Green River it came onstream in mid-1990. Other U.S. soda ash producers have aimounced plans to constmct similar plants (1,5). 

In 1984, the Ube Ammonia Industry Co. began operating the largest Texaco coal gasification complex to date. This faciUty is located in Ube City, Japan, and has a rated gasification capacity of 1500 t/day of coal, and production capacity of 1000 t/day of ammonia. The plant has successfully gasified coals from Canada, AustraUa, South Africa, and China. At the present time the plant uses a mixture of petroleum coke and coal (43). 

Urea Process. In a further modification of the fundamental Raschig process, urea (qv) can be used in place of ammonia as the nitrogen source (114—116). This process has been operated commercially. Its principal advantage is low investment because the equipment is relatively simple. For low production levels, this process could be the most economical one. With the rapid growth in hydrazine production and increasing plant size, the urea process has lost importance, although it is reportedly being used, for example, in the People s RepubHc of China (PRC). 

A process variation of the extraction of 2-isopropylnaphthalene hydroperoxide from the cmde oxidation product with an alkylene glycol has been patented (71). The 2-naphthalenol plant of American Cyanamid, which was using the hydroperoxidation process and had a 14 x 10 t /yr capacity (72), ceased production in 1982, leaving the United States without a domestic producer of 2-naphthol. The 2-naphthol capacity in the Western world is approximately 50 x 10 t/yr, with ACNA, Italy and Hoechst AG, Germany operating the largest plants. China produces about 7 x 10 t/yr. Other important producing countries are Poland, Romania, the former Czechoslovakia, and India (35,52). 

As of 1995, there were only a few commercial oil shale faciUties operating in the world. These faciUties are located in countries where the economic, pohtical, and environmental requirements for commercial oil shale development are met. There are commercial oil shale faciUties in Bra2il, China, Estonia, and Israel. No commercial oil shale faciUties have existed in the United States because the costs of shale oil processing exceed those associated with conventional petroleum cmde processing. 

The commercial production of shale oil as an alternative energy source has not been economically feasible. As of 1995, all commercial oil shale operations in the world (Petrobras, Bra2il PAMA, Israel The Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Fushun and Maoming, China KivioH Oil Shale Processing Plant, Kohda-Jarve, Estonia) receive some sort of economic incentives or assistance from the countries in which they are operating. 

Other Oil Shale Operations. As of this writing, commercial production of shale ok is stkl being conducted in the People s RepubHc of China and Estonia. However, production rates continue to dwindle owing to the avakabkity of conventional petroleum and other sources of energy as well as continued worldwide energy conservation. 

The sodium formate process is comprised of six steps (/) the manufacture of sodium formate from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide, (2) manufacture of sodium oxalate by thermal dehydrogenation of sodium formate at 360°C, (J) manufacture of calcium oxalate (slurry), (4) recovery of sodium hydroxide, (5) decomposition of calcium oxalate where gypsum is produced as a by-product, and (6) purification of cmde oxahc acid. This process is no longer economical in the leading industrial countries. UBE Industries (Japan), for instance, once employed this process, but has been operating the newest diaLkyl oxalate process since 1978. The sodium formate process is, however, still used in China. 

Gymene. Methyhsopropylben2ene [25155-15-1] can be produced over a number of different acid catalysts by alkylation of toluene with propylene (63—66). Although the demand for cymene is much lower than for cumene, one commercial plant was started up in 1987 at the Yan Shan Petrochemical Company in the People s RepubHc of China. The operation of this plant is based on SPA technology offered by UOP for cumene. The cymene is an intermediate for the production of y -cresol (3-methylphenol) [108-59-4]. 

Hbls divested its siUcones operation, Petrarch, to UTI. Other siUcone producers in 1995 are PCR, Gelest, Th. Goldschmidt, Bayer, Dow-Toray, Toshiba Sihcones, and Nippon Unicar. SiU-cones are also produced in the Ukraine, CIS, C2ech RepubHc, and China. 

Most foreiga vanadium is obtained as a coproduct of iron and titanium. South Africa, Norway, and Finland are suppHers. Chile produces slag from an iron operation. AustraUa s first vanadium operation started produciag fused pentoxide flake from a vanadium mine ia 1980. Russia and the People s Repubhc of china produce slag and pentoxide from iron—titanium ores. 

The demand for arsenic metal is limited. The 1990 U.S. requirement for metallic arsenic was supphed by the People s Repubhc of China. Arsenic was formerly supphed domestically (1974—1986) by ASARCO Inc., which dismantled its operation because of economic and environmental pressures, and by imports from Bohden Metah, Sweden, which suspended production in late 1987 because of the low price offered by China. 

Mined bismuth in China is a by-product of tungsten mining operations, but most of the bismuth produced in China comes from bismuth concentrates. 

Batch crystallizers are widely used in the chemical and allied industries, solar saltpans of ancient China being perhaps the earliest recorded examples. Nowadays, they still comprise relatively simple vessels, but are usually (though not always) provided with some means of agitation and often have artificial aids to heat exchange or evaporation. Batch crystallizers are generally quite labour intensive so are preferred for production rates of up to say 10 000 tonnes per year, above which continuous operation often becomes more favourable. Nevertheless, batch crystallizers are very commonly the vessel of choice or availability in such duties as the manufacture of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical components and speciality products. 

---