Flower head, 285 also

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

The famous "chamomile tea" is taken for nervous and bilious headache, as an aid to digestion, and for hysterical tendencies in women. The dose is up to 4 tablespoonfuls of the infusion of 1 ounce to 1 pint of water. Externally, the flower-heads make a first-rate poultice and fomentation for bruises and deep-seated inflammation, and are also used as a lotion for toothache, earache and neuralgia. In the pulverized form they may be made up with Soap-wort into a shampoo, especially for fair hair. 

The banded sunflower moth (Cochylis hospes Wlshm. also cited as Phalonia hospes Wlshm. (Schulz, 1978)) is a relatively minor pest of sunflower that attacks the flower heads and causes seed destruction. However, damage has increased in North Dakota in recent years (Charlet et al., 1995). While the insect is also found on Jerusalem artichoke (Beregovoy and Riemann, 1987), its activity is of no economic consequence. The banded sunflower moth is found from the East Coast of the U.S. to the Dakotas, and south into Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas, as well as in Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada (Westdal, 1949). 

Brightly colored, spidery flower heads and dense, dark green, aromatic foliage attract gardeners to these native plants. Hummingbirds, bees, and butterflies are also drawn to bee balms blossoms, especially the red ones. Plants form dense clumps, 2-5 tall and 3 wide the mintlike foliage remains attractive after flowers fade. 

You can also extract the pyrethrin in alcohol. Soak 1 cup of packed fresh pyrethrum daisy flower heads with A cup of 70 percent isopropyl alcohol cover the container and let sit overnight. Strain the mixture through cheesecloth, then store the extract in a tightly... 

Most ferns contain sizable quantities of phenolics and tannins so their role in ferns acclimation should not be surprising. However, similar phenolics-elevation trends have been observed in angiosperms in which phenolics metabolism is less important (e.g. Fiussello et al., 1979 Bachereau et al., 1998). For example, recent evidence on the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae) performance in an ample altitudinal range (0 - 3000 m asl) in the European Alps, reveal various sources of variation in their phenolics expression specific plant organ (e.g. in the ligules of flower heads), population, and individuals within a population, season, and elevation (Zidorn and Stuppner, 2001). However, not all phenolic constituents responded similarly. While flavonoids in flower heads of L. helveticus and L. autumnalis followed a clear incremental trend with altitude, phenolic acids remained relatively constant along the transect in L. hispidus. Specific flavonoids also varied within individuals. 

Biller et al. (22) isolated the pyrrolizidine alkaloids 7-and 9-angeloylretronecine, intermedine, rinderine and 3 -acetylrinderine. The concentrations of these hepatotoxic alkaloids were high in the roots and mature flower heads, but negligible in the leaves and stems. This finding is noteworthy since the leaves are mostly used in traditional medicine. Phenolic acids including protocatechuic, />-hydroxybenzoic, />-coumaric, femlic and vanillic acids have also been isolated from the plant (29). 

Chamomile is dried flower heads that are used in herbal tea for relief of digestive and GI dismptions such as irritable bowel syndrome and infant colic. Chamomile also has a sedative effect. It is also used in instances where the patient is allergic to daisy or ragweed-like plants. Chamomile can cause hives and bronchoconstriction. 

Traditional use A decoction of flower heads is used in folk medicine to treat chest pains, heavy breathing, malaria, and delayed menstruation, and is also used as a vermifuge and dimetic remedy (Khalmatov 1964). 

There are numerous varieties of sunflower which are identifiable in part on the basis of height but also on the basis of oil composition, i.e. linoleic acid-rich and oleic acid-rich. The flower heads are harvested mechanically, ideally when the moisture content has dropped to approximately 9-10%. Mechanical drying is frequently necessary. Yields of 1300-2000 kg/ha are obtained. Oil content of seed 20-32% old strains, 40% new strains. 

HPLC analysis with photodiode array detection is the best method for analysis of alkamides, because the different types can be identified via their UV-spectra. However, it is difficult to distinguish the aerial parts of the different Echinacea species, because they show no qualitative difference in the alkamide pattern (see Fig. 15) [30, 82]. HPLC is also useful for the determination of the contents of alkamides and was applied successfully for the analysis of fresh plant tinctures [99]. It could be shown that the yield in the aerial parts is 0.001-0.03% [30]. Small amounts of alkamides can also be found in the expressed sap of . purpurea [100]. It could be shown that the content varies considerably between the different products on the market and even in between the batches of one product (Fig. 16) [100]. One reason may be the seasonal variation of the alkamide content, which is low at the beginning of the vegetation period and becomes high only in the middle of August (data of 1996, see Fig. 17) [101]. Another reason may be the different yields of alkamides in the various parts of the plant. Alkamides are especially accumulated in the flower heads in particular in the tubulous flowers and achenes (Fig. 18) [82, 101, 102]. Therefore the date and mode of harvest play an important role and standardization is urgently needed. 

The six pyrethrins, Pyrethrin I, Jasmohn I, Cinerin I, Pyrethrin II, Jas-molin II, and Cinerin II were found to be present in the leaf extract of the Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium seedlings. Pyrethrins are thought to act as defense mechanisms that prevent insects from feeding on the plant [27]. The pyrethrins repel insects and also paralyze flying insects, thereby exhibiting a knock-down effect. The active components occur to a small extent in all parts of the plant, but especially in the flower heads [28]. 

A certain proportion of carotenoids in plants is associated with proteins, as is the case of chlorophyll pigments. These associates are generally known as carotenoproteins. Xanthophylls are also present as fatty acids esters or as glycosides. For example, the main yellow pigment of sunflower Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae) flowering head is lutein dipahnitate. 

Reported cases of contact allergic reactions to A. montana preparations are numerous and date from as early as 1844. Cross-reactivity with other plants is also reported (e.g., sunflower, Tagetes, Chrysanthemum). Sesquiterpene lactones, especially helenalin and its derivatives, are known sensitizers. " Data on the safety of Arnica Montana extract, which is made from the dried flower heads of A. montana, are lacking. Ithas an oral LD50 of >5 g/kg in rats, whereas in mice the LD50 was 123 mg/ kg p.o. An extract made from the dried plant showed mutagenic activity in the Ames test, an effect attributed to the flavonol content. ... 

An aqueous extract of yarrow flower heads has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity in laboratory animals this activity was due to a mixture of protein-carbohydrate complexes that had very low toxicity. Yarrow alkaloids (bases) are reported to have hypotensive and weakly antipyretic, astringent, antibacterial, and choleretic properties. Yarrow extracts also exhibited hemostatic properties, among others (jiangsu). ... 

T. is a —perennial crop, which grows from a tuber into a ca. 2 m tall plant that is similar to the —sunflower, also in its flower morphology. However, the flower head is only 4-8 cm in diameter. For flower formation, it needs short-day conditions. At low parts of the sprout, shoots will grow from the leaf axils and form tubers at their end (under the soil). These tubers are about the size of —potato tubers, but they form roots and have a yellow, brown or red skin, depending on the variety. Their inner tis-... 

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