Multisyringe flow injection analysis

Frontal view of an MSFIA burette (from Crison Instruments). (For color version of this figure, the reader is referred to the online version of this book.) 

As said before, MSFIA systems combine some of the advantages of the above-described flow techniques, namely  

The high throughput of FIA, which is a result of the sample and reagents being incorporated in parallel. This in turn leads to an improved mixing efficiency in relation to SIA. 

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Fajardo, Y., Gomez, E., Mas, F., Garcias, F., Cerda, V., and Casas, M., Multisyringe flow injection analysis of stable and radioactive strontium in samples of environmental interest, Appl. Radiat. Isot., 61, 273-277, 2004. 

There are many variants of analytical flow systems, e.g., segmented flow analysis, flow injection analysis, sequential injection analysis, multisyringe flow injection analysis, batch injection analysis, mono-segmented flow analysis, flow-batch analysis, multi-pumping flow analysis, all injection analysis and bead injection analysis, all of which have acronyms [176]. In view of the existence of several common features, however, all flow analysers can be broadly classified as either segmented or unsegmented, with the most common example of the later mode being the flow injection analyser. 

M.A. Segundo, L.M. Magalhaes, Multisyringe flow injection analysis State-of-the-art and perspectives, Anal. Sci. 22 (2006) 3. 

P. van Loot, C. Branger, A. Margaillan, C. Brach-Papa, J.L. Boudenne, B. Coulomb, Online solid-phase extraction and multisyringe flow injection analysis of Al(III) and Fe(III) in drinking water, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 389 (2007) 1595. 

G. Armas, L. Ferrer, M. Miro, J.M. Estela, V. Cerda, In-line membrane separation method for sulfide monitoring in wastewaters exploiting multisyringe flow injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 524 (2004) 89. 

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of flowing stream manifolds devised for the automatic determination of relevant environmental parameters in water samples using various flow techniques (A) flow injection analysis, (B) sequential injection analysis, (C) multicommutation flow injection analysis, (D) multisyringe flow injection analysis. The sequential injection-lab-on-valve configuration is depicted in previous article Flow injection analysis-detection techniques. S, sample R, reagent C, carrier D, detector IV, injection valve HC, holding coil RC, reaction coil MV, multiposition valve SV, solenoid valve SP, syringe pump MP, multisyringe pump PP, peristaltic pump St, stopper W, waste.

Fajardo, Y., Ferrer, L., Gomez, E. et al. (2008). Development of an automatic method for americium and plutonium separation and preconcentration using a multisyringe flow injection analysis multipump flow system. Anal. Chem. 80, 195-202. 

Computer-controlled systems are applied in other techniques derived from FIA, such as sequential injection analysis (SIA, introduced in 1990), multicommutation flow analysis (MCFA, introduced in 1994), and multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA, introduced in 1999). 

Table 1.6 Characteristics of Multisyringe Flow Injection Analysis ...

B. Horstkotte, O. Elsholz, V. Cerda, Review on automation using multisyringe flow injection analysis, J. Flow Injection Anal. 22 (2005) 99—109. 

J. Avivar, L. Ferrer, M. Casas, V. Cerda, Fully automated lah-on-valve-multisyringe flow injection analysis- ICP-MS system an effective tool for fast, sensitive and selective determination of thorium and uranium at environmental levels exploiting solid phase extraction, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 27 (2012) 327-334. 

LLE in sequential injection analysis (SIA) and multisyringe flow injection analysis... 

Figure 5.17 shows an SIA system for the AAS determination of iron by preconcentration of the metal on a Chelex 100 column and elution with nitric acid [5]. The system uses a Crison Compact titrator to operate both burettes in such a way that the nebulizer will continuously receive liquid at a constant flow-rate. Another interesting example of coupling ASS detection and flow techniques is a multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) system with cold-vapor AAS developed to determine mercury [6]. 

East-switching three-way solenoid valves constitute the technical basis of the multicommutated flow analysis technique and also are common elements of multisyringe flow injection analysis systems. We... 

F. Maya, J.M. Estela, V. Cerda, Multisyringe flow injection analysis hyphenated with Uquid core waveguides for the development of cleaner spectroscopic analytical methods improved determination of chloride in waters. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394 (2009) 1577—1583. 

On the other hand, advances in information technology have provided most salient flow techniques benefits, such as fully automation, autonomy, precision and accuracy. Therefore, advances in more recent techniques such as SIA, multicommutated flow analysis (MCFIA), multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) and lab on valve (LOV), and their combinations, have relied on the availability of appropriate dedicated software for their control. 

Spectrophotometric detection based on the methylene blue (MB) method is the approach most commonly adopted for online derivatization and determination of sulfide in water due to its inherent selectivity. The so-called Fischer s reaction involves oxidative coupling of A, iV-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) with sulfide ions in the presence of an oxidizing reagent (namely, Fe(III)) in acidic medium, thus rendering a heterocyclic thiazine dye, the MB. Different flow techniques described in the literature, such as FIA, SIA [11,12], and multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) [13-17] have exploited this reaction, covering a broad spectrum of possibilities with respect to analytical features. 

L. Ferrer, G. de Armas, M. Mir6, J.M. Estela, V. Cerd Flow-through optical fiber sensor for automatic sulfide determination in waters by multisyringe flow injection analysis using solid-phase reflectometry. Analyst 130 (2005) 644-651. 

Beads packed in microcolumns is the most reported in literature, since users can customize the quantity of resin according to the capacity of it, to the volume of sample to be loaded, and to the minimum detectable activity (MDA) of the detector used. In general, packing is manually replaced in flow systems based on flow injection analysis G A), sequential injection analysis (SIA), multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) and multipumping flow systems (MPFS). By the contrary, lab on valve (LOV) allows the manipulation of heterogeneous solutions, i.e. bead injection, achieving the automated replacement of the resin. In Chapter 3 are described in detail the parts of the microcolumns and the way to fill them. Table 8.1 summarizes the variety of available resins from TrisKem International [4]. 

Y. Fajardo, E. Gomez, F. Garcias, V. Cerda, M. Casas, Multisyringe flow injection analysis of stable and radioactive yttrium in water and biological samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 539 (2005) 189—194. 

Flow techniques have aroused especial interest in relation to many other automatic methodologies of analysis. Ever since segmented flow analysis was developed by Skeggs in 1957, flow techniques have been in continuous evolution towards new developments from flow injection analysis (FIA) by J. Ruzicka and E.H. Hansen in 1975 up to multisyringe flow injection analysis by our group in 1999 and, more recently, multipumping flow systems in 2002 by Lapa et al. 

FIGURE 1.9 (a) Schematic manifold of sequential injection analysis (SIA) system. R— reagents, RC—reaction coil. (Adapted from Ruzicka, J., 2009, Tutorial on Flow Injection Analysis (4th ed.). From Beaker to Microfluidics, www.flowinjection.com.) (b) Schematic diagram of multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) system with commutated manifold developed for determination of uranium. V—commutation valves, T—confluence junction, LED—light emitting diode. (Adapted from Albertus, F. et al. 1999. Analyst 124 1373-1381.)... 

FIGURE 1,10 Schematic diagram of the hybrid flow-through microcolumn extraction/ multisyringe flow injection analysis (MSFIA) system for fractionation and online determination of orthophosphate. SP—syringe pump, MSP—multisyringe pump, SV— selection valve, V—solenoid valves, KR—knotted reactors, D—detector. (Adapted from Buanuam,]. et al. 2007. Talanta 71 1710-1719.)... 

Miro, M., V. Cerda, and J. M. Estela. 2002. Multisyringe flow injection analysis Characterization and applications. TrAC 21 199-210. 

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