Flow injection analysis biosensor

A new cholesterol flow injection analysis biosensor has also been described as an application of the H2O2 ECL sensor56. In that work, the luminol electrochemiluminescence, previously studied in aqueous media, was implemented in Veronal buffer added of 0.3% triton X-100 (v/v), 0.3% PEG and 0.4% cholate to enable the solubilisation of the cholesterol and then its efficient oxidation catalyzed by the immobilized cholesterol oxidase. The ECL reaction occurred thus in a micellar medium and the performances of the H2O2 ECL sensor were investigated. 

Aspartame has been assayed by a flow injection analysis biosensor employing an immobilized enzyme (pronase) which cleaves the peptide bond. The resulting phenylalanine methyl ester is then detected by an L-amino acid oxidase electrode. This method was applied to analysis of aspartame in foods [82]. 

A miniaturized thermal flow-injection analysis biosensor was coupled with a microdialysis probe for continuous subcutaneous monitoring of glucose [34]. The system (Scheme 1) consisted of a miniaturized thermal biosensor with a small column containing co-immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase. The analysis buffer passed through the column at a flow rate of 60 pl/min via a 1-pl sample loop connected to a microdialysis probe (Fig. 11). 

Dremel, B.A.A., Li, S.Y., and Schmid, R.D. (1992) On-line determination of glucose and lactate concentrations in animal cell culture based on fiber optic detection of oxygen in flow-injection analysis. Biosensors Bioelectronics. 7 133-139... 

Yano, Y., N. Miyaguchi, M. Watanabe, T. Nakamura, T. Youdou, J. Miyai, M. Numata, and Y. Asano. 1995. Monitoring of beef aging using a two-line flow injection analysis biosensor consisting of putrescine and xanthine electrodes. Food Res. Int. 28 611-617. 

Dremel B.A., Schaffar B.P., Schmid R.D., Determination of glucose in wine and fruit juice based on a fiber-optic glucose biosensor and flow-injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta 1989 225 293. 

Blum L.J., Chemiluminescent flow injection analysis of glucose in drinks with a bienzyme fiber optic biosensor, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1993 15 407-411. 

Marquette C.A., Blum L.J., Luminol electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensors for flow injection analysis of glucose and lactate in natural samples, Anal. 

Tsafack V. C., Marquette C. A., Leca B., Blum L. J., An electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline flow injection analysis, Analyst 2000 125 151-155. 

MWNTs favored the detection of insecticide from 1.5 to 80 nM with a detection limit of InM at an inhibition of 10% (Fig. 2.7). Bucur et al. [58] employed two kinds of AChE, wild type Drosophila melanogaster and a mutant E69W, for the pesticide detection using flow injection analysis. Mutant AChE showed lower detection limit (1 X 10-7 M) than the wild type (1 X 10 6 M) for omethoate. An amperometric FIA biosensor was reported by immobilizing OPH on aminopropyl control pore glass beads [27], The amperometric response of the biosensor was linear up to 120 and 140 pM for paraoxon and methyl-parathion, respectively, with a detection limit of 20 nM (for both the pesticides). Neufeld et al. [59] reported a sensitive, rapid, small, and inexpensive amperometric microflow injection electrochemical biosensor for the identification and quantification of dimethyl 2,2 -dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP) on the spot. The electrochemical cell was made up of a screen-printed electrode covered with an enzymatic membrane and combined with a flow cell and computer-controlled potentiostat. Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) was used as mediator to generate very sharp, rapid, and reproducible electric signals. Other reports on pesticide biosensors could be found in review [17],... 

B. Bucur, M. Dondoi, A. Danet, and J.L. Marty, Insecticide identification using a flow injection analysis system with biosensors based on various cholinesterases. Anal. Chim. Acta 539, 195-201 (2005). 

D.P. Nikolelisa, M.G. Simantirakia, C.G. Siontoroua, and K. Tothb, Flow injection analysis of carbo-furan in foods using air stable lipid film based acetylcholinesterase biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 537, 169-177 (2005). 

A.A. Karyakin, E.E. Karyakina, and L. Gorton, Prussian Blue based amperometric biosensors in flow-injection analysis. Talanta 43, 1597-1606 (1996). 

S. Milardovic, I. Kruhak, D. Ivekovic, V. Rumenjak, M. Tkalcec, and B.S. Grabaric, Glucose determination in blood samples using flow injection analysis and an amperometric biosensor based on glucose oxidase immobilized on hexacyanoferrate modified nickel electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 350, 91-96... 

There is increasing interest in the use of specific sensor or biosensor detection systems with the FIA technique (Galensa, 1998). Tsafack et al. (2000) described an electrochemiluminescence-based fibre optic biosensor for choline with flow-injection analysis and Su et al. (1998) reported a flow-injection determination of sulphite in wines and fruit juices using a bulk acoustic wave impedance sensor coupled to a membrane separation technique. Prodromidis et al. (1997) also coupled a biosensor with an FIA system for analysis of citric acid in juices, fruits and sports beverages and Okawa et al. (1998) reported a procedure for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and glucose in soft drinks with an electrochemical filter/biosensor FIA system. 

M. Badea, A. Curulli and G. Palleschi, Oxidase enzyme immobilisation through electropolymerised films to assemble biosensors for batch and flow injection analysis, Biosens. Bioelectron., 18(5-6) (2003) 689-698. 

S. Pati, M. Quinto, F. Palmisano and P.G. Zambonin, Determination of choline in milk, milk powder, and soy lecithin hydrolysates by flow injection analysis and amperometric detection with a choline oxidase based biosensor, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52(15) (2004) 4638-4642. 

F. Palmisano, M. Quinto, R. Rizzi and P.G. Zambonin, Flow injection analysis of l-lactate in milk and yoghurt by on-line microdialysis and amperometric detection at a disposable biosensor, Analyst, 126 (2001) 866-870. 

F. Palmisano, D. Centonze, M. Qunito and P.G. Zambonin, A microdialysis fibre based sampler for flow injection analysis determination of L-lactate in biofluids by an electrochemically synthesised bilayer membrane based biosensor, Biosens. Bioelectron., 11 (1996) 419-425. 

AChE was sandwiched with poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) layers on the surface of CNTs. The OP biosensor thus developed was used to detect paraoxon (Figure 55.7) as low as 4 x 10 M with a 6 min response time in flow injection analysis. A high stability of the sensors was also a merit of this biosensor no deterioration in the response was observed after 1 week of eontinuous use of the sensor. Only a 15% deerease in the aetivity of the enzyme was observed after 3 weeks, though the authors... 

The utilization of a dsDNA matrix to aid enzyme immobilization is also a promising alternative for the development of DNA biosensors and its application in flow injection analysis (FIA) systems. A DNA-tyrosinase carbon paste electrode described by Serrano and co-workers [115] showed excellent performance for the detection of catechol in an FIA system and suggests that other enzymatic biosensors can benefit from the presence of DNA. 

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