Biosensor disposable

K.A. Joshi, J. Tang, R. Haddon, J. Wang, W. Chen, and A. Mulchnadani, A disposable biosensor for organophosphorus nerve agents based on carbon nanotubes modified thick film strip electrode. 

T. Montensinos, S.P. Munguia, F. Valdez, and J.L. Marty, Disposable cholinesterase biosensor for the detection of pesticides in water-miscible organic solvents. Anal. Chim. Acta 431, 231-237 (2001). 

I. Palchetti, A. Cagnini, M. del Carlo, C. Coppi, M. Mascini, and A.P.F. Turner, Determination of anticholinesterase pesticides in real samples using a disposable biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 337, 315-321 (1997). 

T.T. Bachmann and R.D. Schmid, A disposable multielectrode biosensor for rapid simultaneous detection of the insecticides paraoxon and carbofuran at high resolution. Anal. Chim. Acta 401, 95-103 (1999). 

A. Cagnini, I. Palchetti, I. Lioni, M. Mascini and A.P.F. Turner, Disposable ruthenized screen-printed biosensors for pesticides monitoring. Sens. Actual B 24, 85-89 (1995). 

Y. Lin, F. Lu, and J. Wang, Disposable carbon nanotube modified screen-printed biosensor for ampero-metric detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Electroanalysis 16, 145-149 (2004). 

T. Noguer, A. Gradinaru, A. Cincu, and J.L. Marty, A new disposable biosensor for the accurate and sensitive detection of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. Anal. Lett. 32, 1723—1738 (1999). 

M.A. Sirvent, A. Merkoci, and S. Alegret, Pesticide determination in tap water and juice samples using disposable amperometric biosensors made using thick-film technology. Anal. Chim. Acta 442, 35-44 (2001). 

P. Hilditch and M. Green, Disposable electrochemical biosensors. Analyst 116, 1217-1220 (1991). 

Biosensors are analytical devices that incorporate a biological component and a transducer. These must be in close proximity with one another and preferably in intimate contact, i.e. the biological component immobilized on to the transducer. Such devices are available in disposable forms, e.g. for measurement of blood glucose in diabetic patients, evaluation of the freshness of uncooked meat. Other designs are suitable for continuous use, e.g. on-line monitoring of fermentation processes, the detection of toxic substances. 

Field effect transistors are miniature, solid-state, potentiometric transducers (Figure 4.22) which can be readily mass produced. This makes them ideal for use as components in inexpensive, disposable biosensors and various types are being developed. The function of these semiconductor devices is based on the fact that when an ion is absorbed at the surface of the gate insulator (oxide) a corresponding charge will add at the semiconductor... 

Muhammad-Tahir, Z., and Alocilja, E. C. (2004). A disposable biosensor for pathogen detection in fresh produce samples. Biosyst. Eng. 88,145-151. 

Bioanalyzer can be considered another version of commercial biosensors for off-line analysis. It was developed to have capabilities of complete analysis, short response time, specificity, and sensitivity that allows a quick clinical test. Abbott Vision, Boehringer-Mannheim Reflectron, and Kodak Ektachem DT60 (IBI Biolyzer is the new name) are used for cholesterol measurement in doctors offices. Bioanalyzer consists of biological and transducing component that are not physically connected. The uniqueness of this separation provides the versatility of analysis, i.e., use of disposable and different biological component for multi-components measurements. In authors laboratory, Kodak Ektachem DT60 was used successfully to determine cholesterol in some food matrices as well as in off-line process control. The analysis time was only 10 minutes compared to 1-2 days for the GC and HPLC methods. Complicated... 

M. Boujtita, J.P. Hart and R. Pittson, Development of a disposable ethanol biosensor based on a chemically modified screen-printed electrode coated with alcohol oxidase for the analysis of beer, Biosens. Bioelectron., 15(5-6) (2000) 257-263. 

D. Ogonezyk, L. Tymecki, I. Wyzkiewiez, R. Koncki and S. Glab, Screen-printed disposable urease-based biosensors for inhibitive detection of heavy metal ions, Sens. Actuators B, 106 (2005) 450-454. 

T.T. Bachmann, B. Leaca, F. Vilatte, J.-L. Marty, D. Fournier and D.R. Schmid, Improved multianalyte detection of organophosphates and carbamates with disposable multielectrode biosensors using recombinat mutants of Drosophila acethylcholinesterase and artificial neural networks, Biosens. Bioelectr., 15 (2000) 193-201. 

J.J. Rippeth, T.D. Gibson, J.P. Hart, I.C. Hartley and G. Nelson, Flow-injection detector incorporating a screen-printed disposable amperomet-ric biosensor for monitoring organophosphorus pesticides, Analyst, 122 (1997) 1425-1429. 

Protein phosphatase inhibition is usually detected by colorimetric methods, but the development of a biosensor requires the search of other transduction techniques. Electrochemistry has been widely used in biosensors because of the simplicity, easy to use, portability, disposability and cost-effectiveness of the devices. As protein phosphatase is not an oxidoreductase enzyme, our work has been devoted to the investigation of novel enzymatic substrates, electrochemically active only after their dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase. Nevertheless, colorimetric assays have been used for the optimisation of several experimental parameters. 

Although at present these biosensors cannot be considered as an accurate quantification technique, the applicability as tools for a first and extremely useful screening of the toxicity of real environmental samples is demonstrated. The simplicity of both the biosensor construction and the electrochemical measurement, together with the electrode disposability and the sufficient sensitivity, make the amperometric biosensors attractive for routine analysis, even at home. 

F. Villate, H. Schulze, R.D. Schmid and T.T. Bachmann, A disposable acetylcholinesterase-based electrode biosensor to detect anatoxin-a(s) in water,Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372 (2002) 322-326. 

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors offer the achievable opportunity of simplifying the analyses of complex matrices, outside of the laboratory, by suitable modification of appropriate electrode materials [1-5]. One of the most attractive methods for the fabrication of such devices involves the use of screen-printing technology. This allows the (bio)sensors to be manufactured in a wide range of geometries at low cost, particularly when carbon is used therefore, this allows the devices to become disposable [1,2]. A typical screen-printed electrode design commonly used in our laboratories for prototype investigations is shown in Fig. 23.1. 

The production of H202 from this step can be monitored spectro-photometrically by the formation of a dye in the presence of peroxidase [49] disadvantages of this system include the use of carcinogenic dyes, lengthy incubation times and the need for laboratory-based equipment. As discussed in the previous section, SPCEs can be modified with mediators to produce effective H202 transducers when combined with immobilised enzymes, disposable biosensors ideal for de-centralised clinical analysis can be fabricated. The cholesterol molecule is nonpolar and thus provides an additional challenge to the development of... 

E. Crouch, D.C. Cowell, S. Hoskins, R.W. Pittson and J.P. Hart, A novel, disposable, screen-printed amperometric biosensor for glucose in serum fabricated using a water-based carbon ink, Biosens. Bioelectron., 21 (2005) 712-718. 

Z. Gao, F. Xie, M. Shariff, M. Arshad and J.Y. Ying, A disposable glucose biosensor based on diffusional mediator dispersed in nanoparticulate membrane on screen-printed carbon electrode, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 111-112 (2005) 339-346. 

M.A.T. Gilmartin and J.P. Hart, Fabrication and characterization of a screen-printed, disposable, amperometric cholesterol biosensor, Analyst, 119 (1994) 2331-2336. 

J.P. Hart, R.M. Pemberton, R. Luxton and R. Wedge, Studies towards a disposable screen-printed amperometric biosensor for progesterone, Biosens. Bioelectron., 12 (1997) 1113-1121. 

R.M. Pemberton, J.P. Hart and J.A. Foulkes, Development of a sensitive, selective electrochemical immunoassay for progesterone in cow s milk based on a disposable screen-printed amperometric biosensor, Electroc-him. Acta, 43 (1998) 3567-3574. 

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