Flow calculation

FLOW. Calculates members of the elemental stiffness matrix corresponding to the flow model. 

THIS TERM SHOULD BE MULTIPLIED BY ZERO FOR STOKES FLOW CALCULATIONS... 

The most widely used approach to channel flow calculations assumes a steady qua si-one-dimensional flow in the channel core, modified to account for boundary layers on the channel walls. Electrode wall and sidewall boundary layers may be treated differently, and the core flow may contain nonuniformities. 

R. M. C. So, H. C. Mongia, and J. H. Whitelaw, Turbulent Reactive Flow Calculations, special issue of Combustion Science and Technology, Gordon and Breach Science Pubhshers, Inc., Montreux, Swit2erland, 1988. 

From assumed feed temperature (forward feed) or feed flow (backward feed) to the first effect and assumed steam flow, calculate evaporation in the first effect. Repeat for each succeeding effect, checking intermediate assumptions as the calculation proceeds. Heat input from condensate flash can be incorporated easily since the condensate flow from the preceding effects will have already been determined. 

The treatment of vent flow calculations in most typical relief wstem configurations involves two classes of computation models flow in low-fric tion geometries such as nozzles and frictional flow in pipes and fittings. 

The invariant coordinate, qj., is used to determine the flow calculation independent of inlet conditions. To determine the reduced flow... 

Flow coefficients and pressure coefficients can be used to determine various off-design characteristics. Reynolds number affects the flow calculations for skin friction and velocity distribution. 

Petrovic, M., and Riess, W., Through-Flow Calculation in Axial Turbines at Part Load and Low Load Conference on Turbomachinery-Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Erlangen, 1995. 

When dealing with water treatment applications you carmot avoid pipe flow calculations. We have a pipeline in which the throughput capacity of 500 Liter/sec. The flow is split into two pipelines and the inside diamter of the pipe is 350 mm. The length of the pipeline is 55 m. The entry loss is 0.70 and the exit loss is 1.00. There are two 45° bends and two 90° bends in the lines, (a) Determine the flow per pipe (b) determine the line velocity (c) determine the resulting hydraulic loss in meters. 

When the maximum vapor-relieving requirement of the flare system has been established and the maximum allowable back pressure (as just described) has been defined, line sizing reduces to standard flow calculations. 

If, on the other hand, the channel section changes then tensile stresses will also be set up in the fluid and it is often necessary to determine the tensile viscosity, k, for use in flow calculations. If the tensile stress is a and the tensile strain rate is s then... 

Most polymer processing methods involve heating and cooling of the polymer melt. So far the effect of the surroundings on the melt has been assumed to be small and experience in the situations analysed has proved this to be a reasonable assumption. However, in most polymer flow studies it is preferable to consider the effect of heat transfer between the melt and its surroundings. It is not proposed to do a detailed analysis of heat transfer techniques here, since these are dealt with in many standard texts on this subject. Instead some simple methods which may be used for heat flow calculations involving plastics are demonstrated. 

According to Bach et al. the volume flow from the vertical surfaces should be added to the volume flow calculated by the equations for point or line sources. 

The volume flow calculated 3.5 m above the floor is slightly lower than that calculated for an isothermal atmosphere. The deviation between the volume flows calculated for isothermal room air and stratified room air can be seen from Fig. 7.79. 

For isokinetic sampling, the doer sampling-point gas velocity has to be measured, and the corresponding sample gas flow calculated and adjusted. " Normally, a Pitot static tube is used for the measurement of duct gas velocity. 

However, it was found that the cooling flows calculated from these equations were less than those used in recent and current practices in which film cooling is employed. This is for two main reasons ... 

Less Less Flow Excess ammonia in reactor. Release to work area, with amount released related to quantitative reduction in supply. Team member to calculate toxicity vs. flow reduction. 1. Valve A partially closed. 2. Partial plug or leak in pipe. Automatic closure of valve B on reduced flow from phosphoric acid supply. Set point determined by toxicity vs. flow calculation. 

Flow calculators. These are available in the form of plastic concentric discs which can be rotated against each other. 

Sudden eniargement/contraction, 70, 80 Total line, 64 Two-phase flow, 124-127 Vacuum lines, 128-134 Velocities, 83, 89, 90 Velocities, chart, 91 Velocity head, 71 Water flow calculations, 96 Water flow, table, 93, 97, 98 Pressure level relationships,... 

If a pitot tube is inserted in a circular cross-section pipe in which a fluid is in streamline flow, calculate at what point in the cross-section it should be situated so us to give a direct reading representative of the mean... 

Monsanto and other companies are working independently on design methods to size vents more rigorously using two-phase flow calculations in complex computer programs. Several assumptions have been made in an effort to allow a wide range of application. Most notable is the use of the correlations of Martinelli and co-workers for pressure drop H) and hold-up( ). 

Tahry, S.E., Application of a Reynolds stress model to engine-like flow calculations. /. of Fluids Engineering, 1985.107(4) 444-450. 

The flow of jets becomes turbulent at much lower Re numbers than channel flows. Calculating the stress from the mean velocity profiles does not reflect the true situation in turbulent flow. As in the case in most bioreactors, the maximum turbulent stress is determined by the turbulence, which can be calculated using Eqs. (2)-(4). It occurs in free jets after the nozzle, at the edge of the mixing zone. The following is generally valid ... 

Figure 5.4-35. Baseline and reaction heat flows calculated during heating and isothermal periods (reprinted with permission from Landau et al. (1994). Copyright (1994) American Chemical Society).

The cash-flow calculations are summarised in Table 6.8. Sample calculations to illustrate the methods used are given below. 

The distribution of the non-keys are read from Figure 11.12 at the appropriate relative volatility and the component flows calculated from the following equations ... 

Compliance with U.S. EPA s design performance standards can be demonstrated through one-dimensional, steady-state flow calculations, instead of field tests. For detection sensitivity, the calculation of flow rates should assume uniform top liner leakage. For detection time, factors such as drain spacing, drainage media, bottom slope, and top and bottom liners should all be considered, and the worst-case leakage scenario calculated. 

The shape of the front and rear menisci change as a result of the resistance to bubble flow. Calculation of this deviation in bubble shape establishes the dynamic pressure drop across the bubble. 

---