Bridge abutment

Filtration installations include wrapping the trench of a pavement-edge drain system to prevent contamination of the underdrain placement behind retaining walls and bridge abutments to prevent contamination of the sand blanket placed against the stmcture to allow dissipation of pore pressures in order to avoid failure of the stmcture as silt fences to allow surface mnoff from a site while retaining the soil suspended in the mnoff and on earth slopes beneath larger stone or other overlay materials to prevent erosion of the slope as water escapes from the interior of the slope. 

Newman, F.B., Di Gioia, A.M., and Rojas-Gonzalez, L.F., CLSM backfills for bridge abutments, in Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on the Use and Management of Coal Combustion Byproducts (CCBs), Vol. 2, American Coal Ash Association, 1995. 

This improvised explosive can be used for attacking bridge abutments, or causing a landslide to block a mountain pass, close a tunnel, derail a train, or similar purposes. 

Of particular importance in these application are the long lifetimes. Civil engineering structures can be designed for up to 120 years service. Safety is critical where the geotextile is used for reinforcement, such as in steep embankments, retaining walls, bridge abutments, and embankments built over soft soil or old mineworkings. 

Airfield runways and aprons Highway and bridge joints Bridge abutments... 

Slope stabilization is just one potential application for composites in the broad area of erosion control. Several other related applications are bridge abutments, freeway cuts, storage tank embankments, mine tailings, sand dunes, and areas of turbulent water flow. 

Several projects have been constructed using tire shreds as backfill for walls and bridge abutments. The weight of the tire shreds produces low horizontal pressure on the wall allowing thinner walls at lower cost. Another advantage is that tire shreds provide better drainage and good thermal insulation, which eliminates problems with water or frost buildup behind the wall. ... 

The simplest and most widespread use of plantings is to cover part or all of a slope with small trees, such as pine, oak, or willow, and/or low ground cover. This is most often done on slopes which are relatively stable by themselves, or can be expected to remain stable until the plantings can take root on their own. Slopes adjacent to highway overpasses and bridge abutments are often treated in this fashion, also creating a more aesthetic appearance than stone block or concrete. 

Soil movement induced by underground excavation or by vibration due either to construction procedures or facility operations may also be a possible cause of damage to previously placed structures. This potential was recognized in the planning for a subway near a bridge abutment. 

The lines of flow direction marked A and B in Fig. 10.8 close on the point at which there is zero flow (that is, y = 0 and x = — CIA). If we divide the flow along eurve Us and consider only the flow to the left of this curve, this represents tlie potential flow outside some two-dimensional body shaped like AB.H the flow is from left to right, then this is quite similar to the flow over the leading edge of an airplane wing or the upstream side of a rounded bridge abutment. 

Figure 17.7 Loss of cross section of rebars in (f>) subway Malabarba bridge abutment, concrete contaminated by about 1.5% chloride (c) Tunnel Cianca Presella, column exposed, by mass of cement for different exposure (d) bridge Nanin edge area, exposed [15]...

On account of their favorable properties and comparatively low price, bitumen paints have been used to protect concrete structures (foundations, bridge abutments), felt roofs, sheet-metal roofs, drinking water reservoirs, silos, pipes made from fiber-reinforced cement, concrete, steel and cast iron, and in vehicle construction (wagon underframes, car underfloor protection). 

Figure 7.22 Cassette type anode attached to a bridge abutment. Courtesy Makers Ltd.

Basha, B. M., Babu, G. L. S. (2009). Computation of sliding displacements of bridge abutments by pseudo-dynamic method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(1), 103-120. doi 10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.01.006... 

In a number of design situations, piles have to be designed for effect of lateral soil movement. These include piles in or near an embankment built on soft clay, bridge abutment piles in soft ground, piles adjacent to an excavation, piles in unstable slope and piles in a marginally stable riverbank. These piles are called passive piles (De Beer 1977). As these piles will experience additional stress and strain, failure to assess the effect in design will result in unacceptable pile movement or stress or both. 

Piles in or near embankment, like bridge abutment piles,... 

Tschebotarioff (1973) reported several cases of unfavourable pile supported bridge abutment movement in USA as early as 1950s. Chin (1979) cited an interesting case of pile failure of a building due to nearby surcharge in Malaysia. Chan (1988) noted that it is not uncommon to observe bridge... 

Stewart, D.P., Jewell, R.J. Randolph, M.F. 1994. Design of piled bridge abutments on soft clay for loading from lateral soil movements. Geotechnique. 44(2) 277-296. 

Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Protection of Concrete Bridge Components—field Trials. Discusses the results of field validation trials based on laboratory procedures for electrochemical chloride removal completed on a bridge deck, column substructures, and a bridge abutment within North America. 149 pages. SHRP-S-669... 

Downtown Huntsville, Alabama bridge abutment Valdez, Alaska containing walls for tank farm... 

Muir Wood, D. D. F. T. Nash (2000). Earth pressures on an integral bridge abutment a numerical case study. Soils and Foundations 40(6), 23-38. 

From the view of the relation between the bridge abutment and roadway or channel that the bridge overcrosses, the bridge abutments can be divided into two categories open-end abutment and closed-end abutment, as shown in Figure 6.1. 

Maroney, B. H., Griggs, M., Vanderbilt, E., et al. 1993. Experimental measm-ements of bridge abutment behavior, in Proceeding of Second Annual Seismic Research Workshop, Division of Structures, March, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA. 

Although it is common for bridge abutments to function as retaining structures, this chapter does not include abutment wall design. The special load case and design requirements for abutments and wing walls are discussed in Chapter 6. 

The sensing devices that trigger the air bags must react very rapidly. For example, consider a car hitting a concrete bridge abutment. When this happens, an internal accelerometer sends a message to the control module that a collision possibly is occurring. The microprocessor then analyzes the measured deceleration from several accelerometers and door pressure sensors and decides whether air bag deployment is appropriate. All this happens within 8 to 40 ms of the initial impact. 

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