Fish, arsenic determination

Reinke, J., J.F. Uthe, H.C. Freeman, and J.R. Johnston. 1975. The determination of arsenite and arsenate ions in fish and shellfish by selective extraction and polarography. Environ. Lett. 8 371-380. 

Branch, S., Ebdon, L., and OneUl, P., Determination of arsenic species in fish by directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9(1), 33-37, 1994. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services is determining blood mercury concentrations and related freshwater fish consumption, studying speciated arsenic in urine, and analyzing phthalates in urine and PBDEs in serum and breast milk (APHL 2004, 2006). In 2004, New Hampshire received about 300,000 to support its biomonitoring program (APHL 2004). 

Lagarde, L., Amran, M., Leroy, M., Demesmay, C., Olle, M., Lamotte, A., Muntau, H., Michel, R, Thomas, R, Caroli, S., Larsen, E., Bonner, P., Rauret, G., Foulkes, M., Howard, A., Griepink, B. and Maier, E. (1999a) Improvement scheme for the determination of arsenic species in mussel and fish tissues. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 363(1), 5. 

Lagarde, F., M.B. Amran, M.J.F. Feroy, etal. 1999. Improvement scheme for the determination of arsenic species in mussel and fish tissues. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 363 5—11. 

J. Brooke, W. H. Evans, Determination of total inorganic arsenic in fish, shellfish and fish products, Analyst, 106 (1981), 514-520. 

Arsenic (Note The atomic absorption spectrophotometric graphite furnace methods for arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in this monograph were developed at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Charleston Laboratory, for the determination of these trace element contaminants in materials derived from fish oil. This method is intended for the quantitation of arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in marine oils at levels as low as 0.10 pg/g for arsenic and for lead and as low as 0.50 (xg/g for mercury and for nickel.)... 

Kohlmeyer, U., Jakubik, S., Kuballa, J., Jantzen, E. Determination of arsenic species in fish oil after acid digestion. Microchim. Acta 151, 249-255 (2005)... 

Similar inconsistencies have been encountered in the determination of other elements such as selenium [125,133], arsenic [118,130], copper [119,123] and zinc [120,122]. On the other hand, methods for the determination of mercury are slightly more consistent, with many workers using a closed-vessel nitric acid digestion procedure. Good results have thus been obtained with pig kidney [124,141], mussel tissue [138], cod muscle [137], citrus leaves [136], pine needles [136], albacore tuna [131] and fish tissue [124], among others. 

Arsenic compounds were determined in the marine lungworm Arenicola marina collected from Odensee Fjord, Denmark [159]. In contrast to most other marine animals, A. marina contained most water-soluble arsenic in inorganic forms, and arsenobetaine 54 was present as a minor constituent (6% only). Other arsenic compounds detected in A. marina were dimethylarsinate 47 (4%), tetramethylarsonium ion 53 (1.5%), arsenocholine 55 (<1%), and two arsenosugars (56, 57, 1% and 3%, respectively). A new arsenobetaine, i.e. trimethylarsoniopropionate (62), previously only reported in fish, was also present in trace amounts (<1%). 

The concentrations of the three arsenicals (75-77) were determined in 37 marine organisms comprising algae, crustaceans, bivalves, fish and mammals by high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICPMS) [170]. All three organoarsenics, which occurred at pg/kg concentrations, were detected in 25, 23 and 17 of the 37 samples analyzed, respectively. The limits of detection were 2-3 pg/kg dry mass. The data illustrate that all three compounds are common minor constituents in practically all marine samples. 

Zheng, B., Hinlelmann, H. Hyphenation of high performance liquid chromatography with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of ultra-trace level anionic and cationic arsenic compounds in freshwater fish. J Anal At Spectrom 2004,19, 191-195. Pergantis, S. A., Heithmar, E. M., Hinners, T. A. Speciation of arsenic animal feed additives by microbore high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst 1997, 122, 1063-1068. 

Rattanachongkiat, S., Millward, G. E., Foulkes, M. E. Determination of arsenic species in fish, crustacean and sediment samples from Thailand using high performance bquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). J Environ Monit 2004, 6, 254-261. 

To better understand the step-wise approach for method development and validation, it is necessary to give examples. They are taken from organic and inorganic trace analysis of environmental matrices. Figure 2.2 illustrates the steps for the validation of the analytical procedure for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in industrially contaminated soil. Figure 2.3 shows the steps necessary to validate the determination of trace elements and particularly arsenic in a fish tissue. Each step of the procedure will provide the necessary information so that the next step can be done with confidence. In practice, the analyst will develop a procedure to quantify all primary and secondary method characteristics as defined in section 2.1.4. 

Brumbaugh WG, Walther MJ. 1989. Determination of arsenic and selenium in whole fish by continuous-flow hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 72(3) 484-186. 

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