Fire flooding effect

Natural disasters can be categorized as acute or slow in their onset (Noji, 1996). They are predictable because they cluster in geographic areas. Natural hazards are unpreventable and, for the most part, uncontrollable. Even if quick recovery occurs, natural disasters can have long-term effects. Natural disasters with acute onsets include events such as avalanche blizzard or extreme cold earthquake fire flood heat wave hurricane, cyclone, or typhoon tornado tsunami or storm surge volcanic eruption and wildfire. Natural hazards with a slow or gradual onset include deforestation, desertification, drought, and pest infestation. The most important natural disasters and examples of their environmental effects are listed in Table 17.1. 

Following anticipated operational occurrences (e.g. fire, flooding, overheating or power excursions) acceleration of ageing effects may occur. It is advisable to investigate and to take corrective actions to stop accelerated ageing. Table II summarizes information on these conditions and induced ageing mechanisms. 

Satellites equipped with telescopes that capture images of the surface of the Earth are used by governments to spy on other nations, as well as to observe the effects of fires, flooding, and deforestation. 

Safety showers are necessary in areas where hazardous chemicals are stored, handled, or used. Showers will flood personnel with water and so quickly remove harmful materials, cool the skin, or douse clothing fires. The effects of contact with materials such as acids, caustics, cryogenic fluids, hot fluids, and other hazardous substances can be minimized by the prompt use of safety showers. 

Concentration of event effects probabihty of common cause failures as a consequence of the events (e.g. large fire, flood or extreme ambient temperature would be more prone to develop common cause failures than an aircraft crash) ... 

The set of external PIEs to be considered should include those due, where appropriate, to fires floods earthquakes volcanism extreme winds and other extreme weather conditions biological phenomena human induced events such as aircraft crashes and explosions toxic and asphyxiant gases and corrosive gases and liquids electromagnetic interference damage to water intakes [13] and the effects of explosions at nearby industrial plants and parts of transport networks. 

External events are accident initiators that do not fit well into the central PSA structure used for "internal events." Some "external events" such as fire due to ignition of electrical wires, or flood from a ruptured service water pipe occur inside the plant. Others, such as earthquakes and tornados, occur outside of the plant. Either may cause failures in a plant like internal events. External initiators may cause multiple failures of independent equipment thereby preventing action of presumably redundant protection systems. For example, severe offsite flooding may fli 1 the pump room and disable cooling systems. An earthquake may impede evacuation of the nearby populace. These multiple effects must be considered in the analysis of the effects of external events. 

Forest fire Fire cannot propagate to the site because the site is cleared plant design and fire-protection provisions a adequate to mitigate the effects Seiche Included under external flooding... 

Ignition Source. Fire was provided by flooding the compartment with No. 2 burner oil, which was then primed with gasoline and ignited. The duration of test varied with the intensity of the fire and its effect on the security of the structure. 

The effectiveness of this bomb depends to a great extent upon its placement. It should be placed in a somewhat central location from which it can flood the area with burning gasoline. One or two of these devices will start a blaze that will be almost impossible to control by the time the fire fighters arrive. If another firebomb is placed in the upper story, the building s destruction, as well as that of the fire fighters, is assured. 

The most probable cause of a submarine sinking is flooding caused by an event that breaches the outer hull. The force required would have to be substantial. Potential causes include surface collision, grounding, external explosion, and catastrophic failure of a hull valve. It is likely that such an event also would start a fire within the submarine. The immediate concern for the crew is the release of toxic gases that are produced as the combustion products of on-board fires (U.S. Navy 1998). Human exposure to these gases can lead to adverse health effects, particularly respiratory and central nervous system effects, and even... 

Among the data provided are the identity of the material(s), amount of material stored (average and maximum), conditions of storage (temperature, pressure, type of container), and location within the facility where the material is kept. This report is intended to provide the necessary information to enable the community to respond to a chemical emergency in the most effective manner. A chemical emergency could take the form of a fire or explosion, a weather-related situation, or an act of God such as an earthquake or flood. 

For internal events such as fire or flood or external events such as earthquakes, the definition of the design basis event should include failure of all the equipment which is neither designed to withstand the effects of the event nor protected from it. 

Any major effects to be expected at a site from an earthquake would be related to the vibrations induced in the SSCs through the structures of the plant. Vibrations can affect the plant safety functions directly or by indirect interaction mechanisms such as mechanical interaction between items, release of hazardous substances, fire or flooding induced by an earthquake, impairment of operator access and unavailability of evacuation routes or access routes. 

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