Fire fighters

Nomex is another aramid fiber Kevlar and Nomex differ only in that the substitution pattern in the aromatic rings is para in Kevlar but meta in Nomex Nomex is best known for its fire resistant properties and is used in protective clothing for fire fighters astronauts and race car drivers... 

Simple and recognizable means for fire fighters to shut off fuel flow into the facility... 

The special precautions appropriate for entry into confined spaces are summarized in Chapter 13. In fires, evacuation of burning buildings, prohibition on re-entry and the use of self-contained breathing apparatus by fire-fighters are key precautions. 

On-Site Emergency Responder 29 CFR 1910.120 (q) or state mandate Personnel from outside DOE site who respond to an emergency on the DOE site. Includes local fire fighters. HAZMAT teams, etc. Practice and drills as necessary. 

Fire hazards are minimized by minimum inventories of chemicals. Control or miniini/e ignition sources, provide a confining area, reduce the temperature of the material as much iis possible, blanket the material to eliminate air contact. Have available fire protection equipment breathing apparatus, and protective clothing for the fire fighters. Use several hour fire walls to prevent the spread of fire to other process areas. 

The fire department was called. In an attempt to rescue him, the fire fighters started to cut an opening in the side of the tank. The tank exploded, killing one fire fighter and injuring 15 others. The man who had entered the tank also died, probably from asphyxiation [24]. 

How arc fire fighters notified when an emergency occurs ... 

A non-laboratory application of this law is that in a closed constant volume container holding a gas, the pressure increases with increasing temperature. In a fire, supposedly empty sealed containers containing air or vapor can become lethal weapons if the container is incapable of handling the increased stress provided by increased pressure. This fact would be invaluable to fire fighters. 

In hay with its high proportion of air space and the large surfaces of combustible pieces, oxidation is at elevated temperatures hard to stop. Therefore in selfheating hay stacks, even temperatures around 60 C are already dangerous and call for fire fighters, who generally blow or suck out the heat rather than try to exclude air (11). ... 

A variety of other gases are also given off by burning materials In two studies fire fighters went to address actual buildings on fire, equipped with combustion product monitors [40, 41]. Both studies had the same conclusions the overwhelming hazardous toxicant in a fire is carbon monoxide. 

These considerations are included here because in the discussion that follows HC1 decay will be ignored, to facilitate the calculations. HC1 decay is also important when measuring PVC toxic potency, because the walls of exposure chambers are made of non-sorptive materials, where such decay is minimised. In this connection it is worth pointing out that the highest concentration of HCl found when fire fighters entered buildings actually on fire was ca. 280 ppm [25, 26]. 

Guidelines for Decontamination of Fire Fighters and Their Equipment Following Hazardous Materials Incidents , NFPA International 1997. 

One Meridian Plaza 38-story high-rise, Philadelphia, 3 fire fighters killed, 500 million loss as structural damage caused full demolition —... 

Graves, K.W., Fire Fighter Exposure Study, Technical Report AGLSRS 71-1, Wright-Patterson... 

Quintiere, J.G., Radiative characteristics of fire fighters coat fabrics, Fire Technol., 1974,10,153. 

A carefully applied water spray since water or foam may cause frothing which might endanger any fire fighter located too close to the burning liquid. 

Water may be ineffective but it can be used to cool and protect exposed material. Extinguishing by water can be used by experienced fire fighters under favorable conditions. 

Hazard Identification Health 3 Can cause serious temporary or residual injury. Fire fighters should be wearing fully protective clothing including self contained breathing apparatus. 

Brandt-Rauf PW, Fallon LF Jr, Tarantini T, et al. 1988. Health hazards of fire fighters exposure assessment. Br J Ind Med 45 606-612. 

If no cover is available, the fire-fighter should operate from a crouching or prone position, to minimize the danger in case of an explosion In extinguishing fires caused by phosphorous,... 

Fire Aboard USS Forrestal in 1967, during which the bombs started to explode 90 seconds after the fire began, thus killing the first wave of fire-fighters, brought to prominence the necessity of increasing the "cook-off period in bombs to at least 5 minutes. This task was achieved at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Md, 20910 by die method briefly described in Expls Pyrots 3(3)(1970). See also Fire Resistant Coatings for Bombs in this Vol... 

International Association of Fire Fighters 1750 New York Avenue, N W Washington, D.C. 20006 202-737-8418 www.iaff.org... 

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