Flooding effect

Impeller flooding Effective mineral as catalysts Metabolites... 

M. G, T. Shone and A. L. Flood, Effects of periods of localized water stress on subsequent nutrient uptake by barley roots and their adaptation to osmotic adjustment, New Phytologist 94 561 (1983). 

This equation shows that the saturation greatly affects the effective gas-phase diffusion coefficients. Hence, flooding effects are characterized by the saturation. 

To summarize, to properly model liquid water transport and ensuing flooding effect on cell performance, one must consider four submodels (1) a model of catalytic surface coverage by liquid water inside the catalyst layer, (2) a model of liquid water transport through hydrophobic microporous layer and GDL, (3) an interfacial droplet model at the GDL surface, and last (4) a two-phase flow model in the gas channel. Both experimental and theoretical works, in academia and industry alike, are ongoing to build models for the four key steps of water generation, transport, and removal from a PEFC. 

Hydrological monitoring is based on data collected from 1000 gauging stations in rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. Information on the water levels is supplied in 10 minute cycles. Water level gauges used by hydrological stations are either electric sensors for hydrostatic pressure or optical sensors. The hydrological monitoring system is of key importance for flood risk evaluation and for prevention of flood effects. 

Rutherford, J.C., Scarsbrook, M.R. and Broekhuizen, N. (1999) Grazer control of stream algae modelling temperature and flood effects. Journal of Environmental Engineering 126, 331-339. 

Too mnch phosphoric acid within the catalytic layer stmcture induces a flooding effect over the Pt particles thns resrrlting in the irrhibition of reacting gases and especially O2 to reach the catalyst srrrface, given the low permeability of oxygen in phosphoric ac-... 

The full core excess, 2.8 0.5% AkAt was obtained by extrapolating subcritical data obtained by the pulsed-neu-tron-source technique to the full core size. Flooding effects, fuel worths and control-rod worths were also measured by the pulsed-neutron-source technique. 

Another reason for the loss of stability during operation in fuel cell is attributed to the water flooding of the electrode because of its water-absorbing ability [127], which in turn affects the gas transport and cell performance. In fact, the presence of micropores and the formation of excessive oxygenated functional groups at the carbon surface can increase the hydrophilicity of the support and thus enhance flooding effects [128]. 

Reasonable values of the probabilities that a certain level of severity of an effect is exceeded in the combination should be estimated from the values for these quantities. In this way, the combinations of events causing flood effects from which the nuclear power plant should be protected should be identified. In this estimation, care should be taken in estimating the duration of the occurrence of the severe level for each event. 

Decreased coolant and increased reactant flow in end cells to mitigate flooding effects and the resulting performance instabihty due to the higher heat losses in these cells. 

Fig. 29.2 a Flooding effect of the cold drop phenomena on Valencia Area left, on Turia Basin right, on Jucar basin, b Overlapping of Turia and Jucar floods on Valencia Area... 

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