White fir

Wood and Wood-Lined Steel Pipe Douglas fir, white pine, redwood, and cypress are the most common woods used for wood pipe. Wood-lined steel pipe is suitable for temperatures up to 82°C (180°F) and for pressures from 1.4 MPa (200 Ibhin ) for the 4-in size, through 0.86 MPa (125 IbFin ) for the 10-in size, to 0.7 MPA (100 Ibf/ in") for sizes larger than 10 in. For fume stacks and similar uses, wood-stave pipe with rods on 0.3-m (1-ft) centers is most satisfactory because it permits periodic tightening. In recent years reinforced plastics have supplanted wood pipe in most applications. 

In the absence of fire in the Boreal and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Regions, jack pine is often succeeded by the more tolerant black spmce, white spmce and balsam fir (Cayford et al, 1967). On productive sandy sites in Minnesota, it may be succeed by red pine, then white pine and mixed hardwoods in some cases succession is directly to hardwoods such as white birch and trembling aspen (Rudolf, 1965). In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area of northern Minnesota, succession may be to black spmce - feather moss forest types, or balsam fir - white birch - white spmce types (Cayford and McRae, 1983). 

Northeast spmce and fir hemlock, tamarack, and white pine oak, hickory, and maple aspen and poplar... 

Eor practical purposes, the sapwood of all species may be considered to be susceptible to biodeterioration. The heartwood of some species, however, contains toxic extractives that protect it against biological attack. Among the native species that have decay-resistant or highly decay-resistant heartwood are bald cypress, redwood, cedars, white oak, black locust, and black walnut (60). Douglas-fir, several of the pines, the larches, and honey locust... 

The white "smoke" around a piece of dry ice is C02[fir), formed by sublimation. 

Koper MTM. 2004. Ah initio quantum-chemical calculations in electrochemistry, fir Vayenas CG, Conway BE, White RE, Gamhoa-Adelco ME, eds. Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry, No. 36, Berlin Springer, pp. 51-130. 

In 1918 Miss Helene M. Boas, of the New York Botanical Garden, sent to the writer a sample of manna which had been collected by James A. Teit near Spence s Bridge, British Columbia, from Douglas fir trees (Pseudotsuga taxifolia Brit., syn. P. Douglasii Carr.). The dry, white, crystalline manna (42.5 g.), in which some small stems and needles of the tree (4 g.) were encrusted, was entirely soluble in water and it proved to consist principally of melezitose.17 The authors stated that if the manna can be obtained in large quantities, which appears to be the case, it will indeed furnish an excellent source for melezitose. However, there was found within a few months by the same workers an abundant... 

In the annual report of the British Columbia Botanical Office in Vancouver for 1914, prepared by the Provincial Botanist in charge, John Davidson, there appears an illustration, here reproduced (Fig. 1), showing a branch of Douglas fir laden with white masses of a sugar-like substance the photograph was prepared from specimens received by the Office from its correspondent James A. Teit, of Spence s Bridge, British Columbia, who, in connection with his ethnological work on the plants... 

Kariminiaae-FIamedaani FIR, Sakurai A, Sakakibara M (2007) Decolorization of synthetic dyes by a new manganese peroxidase-producing white rot fungus. Dyes Pigm 72 157-162... 

Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a mushroom that grows in forests, often under birches, firs, and larches (Schultes and Hofman 1980, 1992). It has a reddish, flat, and ovate cap, with distinct white warts over the surface. Another variety has an orange or yellowish cap, with yellow warts. The stem is white, cylindrical, and hollow, with a bulbous shape at the bottom (figure 9.17). 

Even that kind of information is not available for forest species. Other than chronic injury to white pine (associated with ozone, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures), no clearly defined examples of chronic injury from ozone have been reported for eastern forests, and no information is available on PAN. It is of interest that both Virginia and jack pine appear more sensitive than white pine to acute ozone exposures, but chronic symptoms have not been observed in either species. The relationship between oxidant dose and injury in the San Bernardino Mountains area suggests that ponderosa pine is moderately to severely injured in areas that receive oxidant at above 0.08 ppm for 12-13 h each day (Chapter 12). Ponderosa pine seems to be the most sensitive western pine, but in some areas Jeffrey pine is about as sensitive. White fir, incense cedar, and sugar pine all appear more tolerant, even to the high oxidant concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains. PAN may play some role in the chronic responses noted in the western forest species, particularly by broadleaf deciduous trees and some shrubs. 

The term ponderosa-Jeffrey type is a general term that includes a mosaic of five subtypes described by McBride on the basis of species dominance. These subtypes are ponderosa pine forest, ponderosa pine-white fir forest, ponderosa pine-Jefh y pine forest, Jeffry pine forest, and Jeffrey pine-white fir forest. The injury by oxidant air pollutants is most intense in the types dominated by ponderosa pine and less intense in the Jeffry pine types. In the field plots of these various types, the average area covered by shrubs is only 3.8% in the ponderosa types, but 26% in the Jeffrey pine types. ... 

Data for the longest observation period of tree decline extend from 1952 to 1972 in two 5-acre (2-ha) control plots in the vicinity of Barton Flats in the San Bernardino National Forest. These plots are m the Jeffry pine-white fir subtype and are now considered to be in an area of... 

Early studies suggested that injuiy to ponderosa pine was similar in all size classes, but Cobb and Stark later reported higher mortality rates in understoiy ponderosa pines (9-12 in., or 22.9-30.5 cm, in diameter) than in larger size classes. The probable effect of tree mortality on stand composition can be anticipated to some extent from an example of the present species and size-class composition, as shown in Table 12-5. In this severely damaged stand in the ponderosa pine-white fir subtype, nearly 50% of the overstory and about 22% of the understory is ponderosa pine. 

With all size classes considered, 16.1% had slight, 33.3% moderate, 31.2% severe, and 19.4% very severe injury. White fir and incense cedar are well established in the understory, but their poorer survivorship to 12.00-23.99 in. (30.5-60.9 cm) in dbh compared with ponderosa pine suggests that other mortality factors have acted heavily on them in the past. Incense cedar and sugar pine are the most tolerant to oxidant, but sugar pine is present in very low numbers. The accelerated mortality of ponderosa pines has particular significance in this ecosystem, because it is the dominant member of the climax community. 

Tree Size Gass Ponderosa Pine Incense Cedar White Fir Sugar Pine... 

California black oak and white fir and less often on incense cedar in the San Bernardino Mountains. No direct effects of oxidants have been noted on the mistletoe plant itself under field conditions. The true mistletoe obtains mainly water from its host and would be indirectly affected by debilitation of die host tree. The dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium spp.) are common on ponderosa, Jeffry, and sugar pines in the San Bernardino National Forest. They depend on their host for both water and carbohydrates. Heavily infected or broomed" branches on ponderosa or Jeffrey pines severely injured by ozone often have more annual needle whorls retained than do uninfected branches on the remainder of the tree. The needles are also greener. It can be hypothesized that the infected branch is a carbohydrate sink where a pooling of carbohydrates occurs higher carbohydrate concentrations may be instrumental in either preventing or helping to repair ozone injury to needles on the broomed branches. In the long term, stresses from mistletoe and ozone are probably additive and hasten tree death. 

Allelopathic interactions may occur throughout the life of a stand, but are most commonly observed during reforestation or regeneration. Allelopathy prevents some tree species from regenerating, but most regenerate in spite of it. The allelopathic plants of abandoned fields are not common forest species. In contrast, however, Douglas-fir, jack pine, black and white spruce, wild cherry, and slash and loblolly pine seedlings appear to be inhibited by species common in the forest. In such cases... 

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