Resources finite

This section was written for the fourth edition published in 1982 at a time when there had just been a further sharp increase in the price of petroleum. At the time I was optimistic about the future for plastics, although I did not anticipate the slump in oil prices that has taken place since then. Oil remains a finite resource and sooner or later prices wilt rise again. Apart from changing one word and inserting one other for technical reasons, I see no reason to otherwise change what I wrote then. 

The principal obstacles facing us as scientists studying Earth system science are the finite resources of most educational institutions. Development of this subject requires that we think of novel ways to do interdisciplinary work in a setting dominated by traditional disciplines. Although we can draw heavily on work being done in recently formed disciplines such as chemical oceanography, stable isotope geo-... 

The requirements for short-term planning, especially with regard to campaignhandling as well as the need to consider sequence-dependent setup and finite resource capacities on most resources lead to the selection of the PP/DS optimizer as the most suitable planning method. In addition to the optimizer, PP/DS offers numerous heuristics for automating production planning and detailed scheduling tasks. 

The present refining and delivery system for gasoline is stretched thin. Sudden events, such as Hurricane Katrina, can result in shortages causing price jumps around the country. Hubbert s prediction is frequently challenged. The world seems so vast that there must be more oil, but oil is a finite resource that will run out some time. If we prepare for other forms of energy, that transition will be smoother. If we are unprepared there may... 

In the light of the projected growth of demand for energy services, particularly electricity, there is a renewed interest in the extension of nuclear power in some countries. With uranium being a finite resource as well, Chapter 4 focuses primarily on the question of a future expansion of nuclear power in the context of the availability of nuclear fuels. Moreover, the evolution of the next generation of nuclear reactors, such as breeder reactors or reactors suitable for hydrogen production, is addressed. 

Any new effort to provide reference materials to the ocean sciences community must also put in place a number of educational and advertising efforts to make researchers aware of the existence of appropriate reference materials and to provide instruction on how to make best use of what is bound to be, at best, a finite resource. The committee, therefore, also identifies education as a critical need. 

Reuse and recycle, to cut down on the use of finite resources and reduce pressure on landfills. 

Walls In gardens account for the use of many tons of quarried materials—a finite resource—so recycled materials should be used wherever possible. Stone walls should ideally only be built where their strength and durability are actually needed. Substantial walls can also be built from reclaimed heavy-duty timbers, and they do not require large quantities of quarried foundation materials. 

First, NICE S recommendations are as likely to increase expenditure as to reduce it. The purpose of their evaluations has been clearly stated as being to identify value for money, not whether the NHS could afford the intervention. Second, postcode rationing exists because the exercise of clinical discretion locally results in treatments being available In one place and not in another. As new products are accepted by NICE, local decision-makers have to decide, given their finite resources, which old products and procedures to eradicate and which efficient products and services to provide. Local choices will inevitably vary, and as a consequence one form of postcode rationing will simply replace another. ... 

Fundamental questions exist on (1) the criteria to be used to identify those substances that have the capacity to increase the risk of human cancer, (2) their mechanisms of action, and (3) the magnitude of the risk posed by episodic or chronic regular exposure. The answers to these questions lead to major public policy determinations based on the validity and significance of the real or postulated effects, the feasibility of the possible risk reduction measures, and the economic and social costs of those measures. In a society with finite resources at its... 

C02 levels and the depletion of finite resources. Alternatives such as hydroelectric and solar power energy should be considered if man is to live in a truly sustainable society. The necessary tools and insights will be developed in Part IV. 

The finite resources available to organisms must be allocated to several life processes including growth, reproduction, maintenance, defense, and further resource acquisition. It is often assumed that a resource allocated to one process incurs a cost to the remaining processes because the resource is diverted away from them.7 8 It is also assumed that natural selection acts to optimize the allocation of resources to best suit the life history and environment for a particular organism, of course, within evolutionary and ecological constraints. 

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are responsible for the vast majority of world energy production. These fuels are finite resources, and they are being depleted. Figure F-l shows the world s estimated remaining fossil fuel resources. 

The first industrial jobs for computational chemists opened in the early 1960s when such scientists were usually called theoretical chemists or physical chemists. Those early pioneers not only had to prove themselves, they had to prove a whole new approach to answering questions in science, that is, computationally. Human nature being what it is, traditional (experimental) chemists reacted in different ways to computational chemistry some were curious (some of whom even tried their own hand at calculations but often found the early technology—computer punch cards—too bothersome), some were disinterested, and some felt their prerogatives and perquisites were threatened. At the pharmaceutical companies, many of the medicinal chemists (who far outnumbered the computational chemists) were skeptical, if not resentful, of the upstarts." Because of finite resources, one more person hired as a physical (or analytical) chemist often mean one less organic chemist would be hired. 

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses are frequently mentioned in academic and policy-analysis circles. These notions center on careful examination of the costs and their corresponding outputs. Eisenberg defines cost-effectiveness analysis as the measure of the net cost of providing service (expenditures minus savings) as well as the results obtained (e.g., clinical results measured singly or a series of results measured on some scale). Cost-benefit analysis determines whether the cost is worth the benefits by measuring both in the same units. Such analyses will be critical, as future policy decisions are made with regard to the collection, allocation, and utilization of finite resources in the health care system for the enhancement of health status of the American people. 

Material consumption. The use of materials, especially nonrenewable and finite resources, affects the availability of the resources and results in environmental degradation both in the extraction of the materials and when they are converted to wastes. 

Land use. Land is another finite resource that provides a variety of ecological... 

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