Early Technology

Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Ima ng. Edited by Reiner Salzer and Heinz W. Siesler Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 978-3-527-31993-0 

1025cm , respectively, result from bands marked in red on the lipid, protein and carbohydrate spectra extracted from the wheat kernel. Note the section size is ca. 2000 X lOOOpim. Reproduced with permission from Ref [1] Spectroscopy. 

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Pollard, A.M. (1988). Alchemy - a history of early technology. School Science Review, June 1988, 701-712. 

There are many different modifications of the method, early technology used membrane preparations, modem methods use solubilized receptors and receptor of constructs which enable fast signal detection. 

The early technological interest in anatase pigments was probably why anatase powder was for a time favoured as a non-porous adsorbent. Thus, anatase was one of the few finely divided crystalline solids used by Harkins and Jura (1944) in the development of new procedures for surface area determination. Anatase was also featured... 

Although Chapter 10 describes a study aimed at elucidating early technological methods, the research presented in Chapter 11 by Carter and Razi shows how the analysis of coins can provide historical political information. This chapter is the latest in a series of chemical studies of Roman coins that have been included in the earlier volumes of the Archaeological Chemistry series. These studies have shown how coins were produced and how early Roman mints functioned. Chapter 11 shows how the political fortunes of the Roman Empire affected the composition of the coins. Debasement of the coins reflected periods of political turmoil. 

The importance of preserving archaeological monuments is discussed by Bums and Matsui in Chapter 15. Chemical information not only helps our understanding of early technologies, but can help answer questions about how best to preserve an object. Burns and Matsui describe their studies of very large art objects the richly decorated tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs. Deterioration of these monuments has resulted from physicochemical processes that are site-specific. Deterioration often depends on such things as... 

More detailed studies, using an ever wider array of analytical techniques, have increased our understanding of many natural materials and of the early technologies. This greater understanding of the materials provides a better rationale for the choice of samples and techniques to be used. The... 

The first industrial jobs for computational chemists opened in the early 1960s when such scientists were usually called theoretical chemists or physical chemists. Those early pioneers not only had to prove themselves, they had to prove a whole new approach to answering questions in science, that is, computationally. Human nature being what it is, traditional (experimental) chemists reacted in different ways to computational chemistry some were curious (some of whom even tried their own hand at calculations but often found the early technology—computer punch cards—too bothersome), some were disinterested, and some felt their prerogatives and perquisites were threatened. At the pharmaceutical companies, many of the medicinal chemists (who far outnumbered the computational chemists) were skeptical, if not resentful, of the upstarts." Because of finite resources, one more person hired as a physical (or analytical) chemist often mean one less organic chemist would be hired. 

The search for a room temperature plating bath for aluminum has been conducted for many years, in view of the excellent corrosion resistance of this metal. An early technological success is the so-called hydride bath, which consists of a solution of AlCl and LiAlH in ethers. A large excess of aluminum chloride is used (AlCl /LiAlH = 7/1) and AlHCl is believed to be formed in the following equilibrium ... 

INFORMATION SOURCES, AUTHORITIES, AND OBLIGATIONS 2.1. Early Technology Transfer... 

Although the product of this early technology was a molten polymer, the rapid polymerization and high molecular weight polyamide product are clearly desirable qualities for a reaction injection molding (RIM) system. 

Some other examples of early use of plasticizers can be found elsewhere. All these examples show that new technological developments were dictated by requirements of processing or a need to soften material. There was little exchange of information during these early technological developments. 

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