Protein-enriched feed

Draw a flow diagram to show the production of protein-enriched feed from solid starch wastes. 

What problems do you think might be caused by unwanted contaminating fungi in solid substrate fermentation processes for protein-enriched feed ... 

Much of the current interest in uses of derived oilseed proteins in compounded foods stems from projects in the mid-1960 s to alleviate massive world hunger. Perhaps the best known of these was the development of Incaparina at the Institute for Nutrition of Central America and Panama, in Guatamala by Bressani and coworkers (JJ. However, many other vegetable protein-enriched mass feeding foods also have been developed, and have been reviewed (2, 3). ... 

Other examples in which the whole product is used include the production of animal feeds by the protein enrichment of sweet potato residue, cassava peel, or whole cassava, or when SSF is used to remove toxic or inhibitory compoimds from feed materials, such as the reduction of phytic acid in canola meal, antidigestive constituents in rye, or caffeine from coffee pulp [187-193]. In these studies it was not made clear whether the product would be used fresh or dried. This is because the research addressed the feasibility of the process itself, and not the use of the product as food or feed. The major consideration as to whether the product will be dried is the time the product must be kept before use, and the perishability of the product... 

It is used as organic fertilizer, as cattle feed, as substrate for fungi cultivation, or for microbial enzyme production. Further uses are proposed in lactic acid fermentation and adhesives production. The potato fruit liquid by-product is used for protein enrichment and as fertilizer [22, 23]. 

Uses 0/w emulsifier for improved feed utilization, calf milk replacemenf piglet starters, fish feed fat and protein enrichment Properties Fluid... 

An elegant NMR experiment by the group of Lynn Jelinski at Cornell University has established that at least part of the microcrystals is built up from the polyalanine repeats in the protein chains. These experiments, which were made on C-enriched proteins produced by feeding the spiders C-labeled alanine, showed that there were two populations of alanine side chains, one ordered and oriented perpendicular to the fiber axis and a second less ordered. Jelinski s interpretation is that parts of the polyalanine sequences are incorporated as p strands in the microcrystals with an orientation parallel to the fiber axis. Whether or not the Gly-Gly-X repeats also form P strands in the microcrystals remains an open question. 

Vaccination of lambs with a contortin-enriched preparation gave a mean reduction in worm burdens of 78% (Table 13.1) (Munn et al., 1987). This result was particularly significant because it showed that proteins expressed on the surface of the gut, albeit from a blood-feeding nematode, could induce high levels of protective immunity when used as an immunogen. These proteins are not normally accessible to the host immune system during the course of infection they are termed hidden or concealed antigens and the immunity conferred by them is described as artificial immunity. 

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