Feed utilization improvement

The effect of enzymes, recorded in many feed trials, includes increased final weight of the animal, better feed utilization, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), more homogeneous production, reduced mortality, and a reduced amount of sticky droppings (in chickens) (87). 

The prospects for PBS in agricultural sectors are seemingly huge, especially in crop protection via pesticide application, biomass conversion, and animal-feed-utilization improvement. 

On the other hand, the application of surfactants in biomass conversion and feed-utilization improvement is mostly at the stage of research and development. Reports on surfactant utility in biomass conversion [81-85] and feed utilization [86] are relatively scanty but growing. 

Glucanase -Glucans of barley oats Reductions of sticky droppings Improved feed utilization... 

ANTIBIOTICS ELFAMYCINS. The elfamyans are so named because they exhibit antimicrobial activity through the inhibition of protein biosynthesis via binding to the Wongation factor Tu. All of the known elfamyans are listed in Table 1. These antibiotics are distinguished by low mammalian toxicity, narrow-range antimicrobial activity, and positive effects on feed utilization and growth promotion in farm animals. Elfamyans also improve milk production in lactatmg ruminants. 

An advantage of pelleting is that it may improve both intake and the efficiency of feed utilization, particularly with fibrous ingredients such as wheat milling by-products. A further advantage of pelleting is that it can help to reduce microbial counts in the feed. 

Sorbic acid is not only suitable for preservation of feedstuffs but also improves the feed utilization and weight gain of chickens. This has proven to be of economic value under practical conditions when sorbic acid is added to the feed at 0.02—0.04 wt % (143—145). Similar effects have been observed for the use of sorbic acid in swine feeds (146). 

There are problems associated with the use of copra cake in feed. As the amount of cake in the feed increases, its palatabihty decreases. Copra meal tends to be less digestible than fresh coconut meal. Despite a protein content of greater than 20%, the addition of methionine and lysine improves growth and feed utilization. The method of oil extraction does not appear to influence the quality of meal produced. Neither expeller-extracted nor solvent-extracted copra meal, at levels of 10-14% in poultry diets, caused any difference in egg production, mortahty, or efficiency of feed conversion (61). 

Even more complex is the structure of monensin, a compound which has been extensively used as an anticoccidial agent for poultry and shown to improve the efficiency of feed utilization in ruminant animals. When submitted to a culture of Sebekia bevihana, monensin was first quantitatively converted by enzymatic reduction of the 8-hydroxy-ketone (which is in equilibrium with its hemiketal tautomeric form) and was regioselectively further hydroxylated at the C-29 methyl group as well as at the nearby ethyl group substituent[94). 

Examination of the literature on the chemical modification of proteins and protein-containing products derived from soybeans reveals that the major motivation for such studies was often the development of improved products for industrial rather than food or feed utilization (21, 22, 23, 24). Such research activity was at the heart of the Chemurgic movement begun in the early thirties. Hence it becomes understandable that the patent literature dealing with the chemical modification of soy protein products is much more extensive than the periodical literature. This, together with our imperfect understanding of the basic structure of the soy proteins, explains why many of the reactions cited in this... 

In diets fed to growing pigs, fat addition often improves daily gain, but that is not always the case for finishing pigs (de la Llata et al., 2001 Overland et al., 1999). Feed utilization is usually not improved if measured on a caloric basis. 

Uses 0/w emulsifier for improved feed utilization, calf milk replacemenf piglet starters, fish feed fat and protein enrichment Properties Fluid... 

Enzymes have been used for more than 20 years in poultry feed, mainly to improve the digestibility of cereals with high soiuble non-starch-polysaccharide (NSP) levels, such as wheat, barley, oats and rye [159, 160], It is well established that the inclusion of cell wall hydrolases in wheat, barley and rye-based diets of single-stomach animals, improves the efficiency of feed utilization, enhances growth and contributes to a better use of low-cost feed ingredients [161, 162], Several studies on the potential application of CBMs for animals feeding are available [163,164]. 

Clearly, the time chart shown in Fig. 4.14 indicates that individual items of equipment have a poor utilization i.e., they are in use for only a small fraction of the batch cycle time. To improve the equipment utilization, overlap batches as shown in the time-event chart in Fig. 4.15. Here, more than one batch, at difierent processing stages, resides in the process at any given time. Clearly, it is not possible to recycle directly from the separators to the reactor, since the reactor is fed at a time different from that at which the separation is carried out. A storage tank is needed to hold the recycle material. This material is then used to provide part of the feed for the next batch. The final flowsheet for batch operation is shown in Fig. 4.16. Equipment utilization might be improved further by various methods which are considered in Chap. 8 when economic tradeoffs are discussed. 

The majority of thermal polymerizations are carried out as a batch process, which requires a heat-up and a cool down stage. Typical conditions are 250—300°C for 0.5—4 h in an oxygen-free atmosphere (typically nitrogen) at approximately 1.4 MPa (200 psi). A continuous thermal polymerization has been reported which utilizes a tubular flow reactor having three temperature zones and recycle capabiHty (62). The advantages of this process are reduced residence time, increased production, and improved molecular weight control. Molecular weight may be controlled with temperature, residence time, feed composition, and polymerizate recycle. 

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