Feed systems stabilization

STABREX is easier and simpler to use compared to any other oxidant available for industrial water treatment. The product is pumped directly from returnable transporters (PortaFeed Systems)17 with standard chemical feed equipment. Previously, the only practical ways to apply bromine were to oxidize bromide solutions on-site with chlorine in dual liquid feed systems, or with one of the solid organically-stabilized bromine products applied from sidestream erosion feeders. The former is cumbersome and complex, and the latter is prone to dusting and difficult to control. Other oxidants require complex handling and feed of toxic volatile gases, unstable liquids, multiple-component products, or reactive solids. Simplicity in use results in reduced risk to workers and to the environment. 

The feed system handles the storage, circulation, and temperature control of the whiskey. Since permeability increases with temperature, and considering the heat stability of whiskeys, it is desirable to operate the system above ambient temperatures. Operating at higher temperatures facilitates temperature control of the process, since heat losses can be compensated by the addition of heat. 

Isothiazoline is a widely used biocide, but it is not effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is deactivated by hydrogen sulfide leaks. Also, do not dose to closed systems (because of the presence of 0.2% copper and 2 to 3% magnesium salts, which are used as product stabilizers and can increase the risk of galvanic corrosion). Additionally, the high pH of closed-loop systems will hydrolyze isothiazoline. Automated feed systems may be useful for dosing isothiazolines due to the severe skin irritant nature of this material. 

FiM also assumes a constant ruminal pH of approximately pH 6.2 and ignores the detrimental effects that low pH can have on ruminal metabolism. The system does, however, provide an estimate of whether rumen pH is likely to be altered through the calculation of a rumen stability value (RSV).The RSV of a feed is dependent on its fibre content, whether it is a concentrate or forage, and the potential acid load (PAL).The PAL content is a measure of the amoimt of acid that wUl be produced by the feed on incubation with rmnen liquor, expressed as meq/kg DM. Typically, hay will have a PAL of 800 meq/kg DM and barley 1150 meq/kg DM. The requirement for RSV is affected by cow age, milk yield and quality, and the feeding system used. For example, fourth-lactation cows fed a total mixed ration will have a lower RSV requirement than first-lactation animals fed concentrates twice daily in the parlour. If the RSV balance (RSV from diet - RSV requirement) is greater than +20, then it is assumed that no problems with acidosis should be encountered if it is below 0, then it is advised that the diet should be modified. 

High separation factors Higher flux compared to solid membranes Very high selectivity Uphill concentration and separation Possibility to use expensive extractants Minimization of chemical additives use High feed/strip volume ratios Ability to operate on very dilute solutions High flexibility and easy scale up Low capital and operating costs BLM small membrane surface area per unit volume ELM low emulsion stability SLM low system stability... 

On the same research topic, Singh et al. (2010) studied the separation of U(VI) from a phosphoric acid medium by a SLM. The influence of various parameters, such as feed acidity, nature of the stripping solution, carrier concentration, membrane pore size and thickness was studied. The results showed that membrane support characteristics affect the transport of the target ionic species (such as U(VI)) and confirmed that U(VI) separation from phosphoric acid medium by SLM is feasible. System stability was studied by performing ten continuous experimental cycles with 6 hours duration each. The results evidenced a good operational stability, with a quite linear... 

Periodically calibrating chemical metering pumps is necessary to ensure accurate chemical feed. The frequency of calibration depends on the stability of the pump, the chemical being fed, and the impact of changing treatment conditions. Experience with a chemical feed system will support the need for a specific calibration routine. Most chemical metering pumps should be calibrated at least monthly. Even digital precalibrated chemical metering pumps should have the calibration validated from time to time. 

Contiuous biomass-producing systems are usually single-stage reactors without recycle. Waste treatment systems usually use multistage systems with recycle. They frequently use step feeding of several stages to improve system stability. 

Operation When operated correctly, thickeners require a minimum of attention and, if the feed characteristics do not change radically, can be expected to maintain design performance consistently. In this regard, it is usually desirable to monitor feed and underflow rates and sonds concentrations, flocculant dosage rate, and pulp interface level, preferably with dependable instrumentation systems. Process variations are then easily handled by changing the principal operating controls—underflow rate and floccirlant dose—to maintain stability. 

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