Feed preservation

Contaminated feed poses a serious source of infection for livestock. Animals rarely show symptoms of salmonellosis and there is always the risk of undetected carriers entering the food production chain. Safe feed is the first step in a farm-to-fork food safety concept to guarantee safe food. All raw feed components should be considered as a potential source of Salmonella, and, therefore, decontamination steps are of utmost importance to avoid contaminated feed spreading to herds (Sauli, Danuser, and Geeraerd, 2005). 

Large quantities of feed are produced, transported, and stored daily for use in industry and even minor Salmonella contamination may affect many 

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Anon., Compound Feed Preservation with Luprosil, BASF leaflet, BASF AG Fine Chemicals Operating Division, Ludwigshafen, Germany 1991. 

Henschel R, Agathos M, and Breit R (1999) Acute irritant contact dermatitis from propionic acid used in animal feed preservation. Contact Dermatitis 40 328. 

AmasO . [BASF AO] Formic acid fra ensilii and feed preservation. 

Acetic acid, (2-butenylidene)- Acetic acid, crotylidene- AI3-14851 Caswell No. 801 CCRIS 5748 E 200 EINECS 203-768-7 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 075901 Hexadienoic acid Hexa-2,4-dienoic acid 2,4-Hexa-dienoic acid, (E,E)- trans-trans-2,4-Hexadienoic acid HSDB 590 Kyselina 1,3-penfaiien-1-karboxylova Kyselina sorbova Panosorb 2-Propenylacrylic acid Sorbic acid a-trans-y-trans-Sorbic acid trans.trans-Sorbic acid Sorbistat. Organic acid used as an animal feed preservative. Solid mp = 134° bp = 228° (dec) soluble in H2O (0.25 g/100 ml), more soluble in organic solvents LDso (rat orl) = 7.36 g/kg. Allchem Ind. Chisso Corp. Hoechst Celanese Honeywell Stein Penia Mfg. Spice King. 

AmasO . PASFAG] Formic acid for ensflii and feed preservation. 

Uses of Propionic Acid. Propionic acid is used primarily as a grain and feed preservative for animal feed. This use, as with formic acid, is more prevalent in Europe than in the United States. The acid can be easily converted to propionate salts which are used for bread preservatives in the food industry. This application has been growing with the increase in population for the last few years, however, the trend toward health foods without preservatives could inhibit further growth in the future. The other uses for propionic acid are as a precursor for a variety of herbicides and relatively small-volume plastics, such as, cellulose acetate propionate [21]. 

A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to promote Animal Performance... 

Nonnutrient Additives. Nonnutritional dietary additives provide antioxidants to preserve freshness, flavor enhancers to stimulate food selection, color to meet the owner s expectations, pellet biaders to minimi2e fine particles, mycostats to minimi2e mold growth, and iagredient-flow enhancers. Pet foods do not iaclude coccidiostats, antibiotics, added hormonal materials, and fly-larval iasecticides used ia other animal feeds. 

As energy costs have escalated in recent years, the use of high moisture food by-products in commercial animal feeds has also escalated, particularly in beef cattie and dairy rations, as a means of reducing production costs. Because of the broad activity spectmm, sorbates are extremely effective in the preservation of wet by-products, eg, brewers and distillers grains, beet pulp, citms pulp, and condensed whey (139). 

Sorbic acid is not only suitable for preservation of feedstuffs but also improves the feed utilisation and weight gain of chickens. This has proven to be of economic value under practical conditions when sorbic acid is added to the feed at 0.02—0.04 wt % (143—145). Similar effects have been observed for the use of sorbic acid in swine feeds (146). 

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Such symps are used in the preparation of confections, preserves, and other foodstuffs. The maltose in malt symps is important in brewing (see Beer). Intravenous feeding (primarily in Europe and Japan) and sports beverage formulations take advantage of the fact that energy release from maltose becomes accessible to the body at a slower rate than energy suppHed by monosaccharides (31). 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

Copper compounds are used as feed additives in Europe and the United States primarily for chickens and swine (see Feeds and feed additives) (90,91). Copper increases the rate of gain and feed efficiencies of the animals. It is unclear whether this results from overcoming animal deficiencies or by enhancing preservation of feedstuffs. 

Precise mandrel indexing required. Simple two-position cross feed on carriage sufficient. Vertical mandrel machine and pressure follower for ribbon sometimes required to preserve ribbon integrity. 

Alkanes and Alkenes. For this study, C150-1-01 and C150-1-03 were tested under primary wet gas conditions with ethylene, ethane, propylene, and propane being added to the feed gas. This study was made in order to determine whether these hydrocarbons would deposit carbon on the catalyst, would reform, or would pass through without reaction. The test was conducted using the dual-reactor heat sink unit with a water pump and vaporizer as the source of steam. All gas analyses were performed by gas chromatography. The test was stopped with the poisons still in the feed gas in order to preserve any carbon buildup which may have occurred on the catalysts. 

We turn now to the numerical solution of Equations (9.1) and (9.3). The solutions are necessarily simultaneous. Equation (9.1) is not needed for an isothermal reactor since, with a flat velocity profile and in the absence of a temperature profile, radial gradients in concentration do not arise and the model is equivalent to piston flow. Unmixed feed streams are an exception to this statement. By writing versions of Equation (9.1) for each component, we can model reactors with unmixed feed provided radial symmetry is preserved. Problem 9.1 describes a situation where this is possible. 

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