Fatty acid metabolism polyunsaturated

Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils is widely used to form harder fats and to decrease the content of polyunsaturated fatty acyl groups. The products have a greatly increased resistance to rancidity. However, they also contain fats with trans double bonds as well as isomers with double bonds in unusual positions.251 253 Such compounds may interfere with normal fatty acid metabolism and also appear to affect serum lipoprotein levels adversely. Trans fatty acids are present in some foods. One hundred grams of butter contain 4-8 g, but hydrogenated fats often contain much more. It has been estimated that in the United States trans fatty acids account for 6-8% of total dietary fat.253... 

TsugeH, HottaN, and HayakawaT (2000) Effects ofvitaminB-6 on (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism./owma/ of Nutrition 130,333S-4S. 

S. M. Innis, H. Sprecher, D. Hachey, et al. Neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Lipids 34, 139 (1999). 

Delton-Vandenbrouke I, Grammas P. Anderson RE. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in retinal and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 1997 38 147-159. 

Pawlosky R, Barnes A, Salem N Jr. Essential fatty acid metabolism in the feline relationship between hver and brain production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1994 35(11), 2032-2040. 

Martin RE, De Turco EBR, Bazan N. Developmental maturation of hepatic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism supply of docosahexaenoic acid to retina and brain. J Nutral Biochemistry 1994 5 151-160. 

Huang YS, Koba K, Horrobin DF, Sugano, M. Interrelationship between dietary protein, cholesterol and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 1993 32 123-137. 

The major bioactive products of fatty acid metabolism relevant to atherosclerosis are those that result from enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids. In most cases, these fatty acids are derived from phospholipase A2-mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids (Chapter 11) in cellular membranes or lipoproteins, or from lysosomal hydrolysis of lipoproteins after internalization by lesional cells. In particular, arachidonic acid is released from cellular membrane phospholipids by arachidonic acid-selective cytosolic phospholipase Aj. In addition, there is evidence that group II secretory phospholipase Aj (Chapter 11) hydrolyzes extracellular lesional lipoproteins, and lysosomal phospholipases and cholesterol esterase release fatty acids from the phospholipids and CE of internalized lipoproteins. Indeed, Goldstein and Brown surmised that at least one aspect of the atherogenicity of LDL may lie in its ability to deliver unsaturated fatty acids, in the form of phospholipids and CE, to lesions (J.L. Goldstein and M.S. Brown, 2001). 

Sugano, M., Ikeda, I., Wakamatsu, K., and Oka, T., Influence of Korean pine Pinus koraiensis)-seed oil containing ci5-5,cw-9,cw-12-octodecatrienoic acid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, eicosanoid production and blood pressure of rats, Br. J. Nutr., 72,775-783, 1994. 

Sprecher, H. (1986) Comparison of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Metabolism in Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Simopoulos, A.P., Kifer R.R., and Martin, R., eds.) pp. 353-379, Academic Press, Orlando. 

Wijendran, V. (1998) Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism During Normal Pregnancy and Pregnancy Complicated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Connecticut, Storrs. 

Delton-Vandenbrouke, L, Grammas, P., and Anderson, R.E. (1997) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in Retinal and Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells, J. Lipid Res. 38, 147-159. 

Food Factors Regulating Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism The Physiological Role and Health Benefits... 

Gu, J.-Y, Wakizono, Y, Tsujita, A., Lim, B.-O., Nonaka, M., Yamada, K., and Sugano, M. (1995) Effects of Sesarnin and a-Tocopherol, Individually or in Combination, on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism, Chemical Mediator Production, and Immunoglobulin Levels in Sprague-Dawley Rats, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59,2198-2202. 

Liu et al. (2005) have prepared hydrophobic chitosan nanoparticles with linoleic acid for protein delivery. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that exists as a positional and stereoisomer of octa-decadienoic acid, and this type of polyunsaturated fatty acid can sensitize tumour cells to chano-therapy and radiotherapy. This has been proved in cell culture, tumour-bearing animals, and, finally, in humans (Conklin 2002, Germain et al. 1998, Vartak et al. 1997). Linoleic acid plays a mryor role in fatty acid metabolism in the human body. Liu et al. have developed biocompatible amphiphilic lenoleic acid chitosan nanoparticles (100-500 nm), which can be used for protein delivery applications. The loading efficiency decreases with increasing concentration of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), and the nanoparticles are saturated with BSA that has a concentration of 0.5mg/mL and a loading capacity of 37.57% 0.25%. BSA forms complexes with a derivative that has a hydrophilic chitosan backbone and a hydrophobic domain of linoleic group. 

Rowley, AE. (1996) The evolution of inflammatory mediators. Mediators Inflamm. 5,3-13 Rowley, A.F., Knight, J., Lloyd-Evans,P., Holland, J.W. and Vickers, P.J. (1995) Eicosanoids and their role in immune modulation in fish - a brief review. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5,549-567 Henderson, R.J. (1996) Fatty acid metabolism in freshwater fish with particular reference to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 49,5-22 (extensive review of fatty acid metabolism in fish with some reference to functional aspects)... 

Widmer, C., and Holman, R. T. 1950. Polyethenoid fatty acid metabolism. Deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fat-deficient rats upon single fatty acid supplementation. Arch. Biochem. 26, 1. 

Capillary Column Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Reference Method for the Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism. Colloq. - Inst. Natl. Sante Rech. Med. 1979 (Pub. 1980) 91(Prostaglandins Physiol. Reprod.) 145-166 CA 94 43478v... 

Henderson JR, Mackinlay EE (1991) Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the marine dinoflagelate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Phytochemistry 30 1781-1787... 

In addition, in vivo C MR spectroscopy has been applied to the study of adipose tissue composition in disease. Children with cystic fibrosis were shown to have lower levels of polyunsaturated adipose tissue fatty acids than healthy children, possibly owing to a disorder in essential fatty acid metabolism that may be partly responsible for the development of the disease. Further studies with in vivo MRS in disease have shown a significant increase in saturated adipose tissue fatty acids following transplantation and subsequent weight gain in malnourished patients with liver cirrhosis. It was suggested that this increase in saturated fatty acids may be secondary to a general repletion of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids or the use of essential fatty acids for biosynthesis of eicosanoids in the postoperative period. 

See also Antioxidants Diet and Antioxidant Defense. Coronary Heart Disease Lipid Theory Prevention. Fatty Acids Metabolism Monounsaturated Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Saturated Trans Fatty Acids. 

De Moreno, J.E.A., Moreno, V.J., and Brenner, R.R. (1976) lipid metabolism of the yellow dam, Mesodesma mactroides. 2. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Lipids, 11, 561-566. 

Brain Coordination of the nervous system Glycolysis, amino acid metabolism Glucose, amino acid, ketone bodies (in starvation) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in neonate Lactate ... 

Kelly, F.J. (1991). The metabolic role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids relationship to human disease. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23, 467-471. 

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