Marine dinoflagellates

Amfidinolides (unique macrolides from marine dinoflagellates) 97H(44)543. Antitumor N-, N,S-, and S-heterocycles and macrocyclic lactams from ascidi-ans 97M122. 

DeSa, R., and Hastings, J. W. (1968). The characterization of scintillons. Bioluminescent particles from the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polye-dra.J. Gen. Physiol. 51 105-122. 

Hamman, J. P., and Seliger, H. H. (1972). The mechanical triggering of bioluminescence in marine dinoflagellates chemical basis. J. Cell. Physiol. 80 397-408. 

Hastings, J. W., and Sweeney, B. M. (1957). The luminescence reaction in extracts of the marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 49 209-226. 

Seliger, H. H., Biggley, W. H., and Swift, E. (1969). Absolute values of photon emission from the marine dinoflagellates Pyrodinium bahamense, Gonyaulax polyedra and Pyrocystis lunula. Photochem. Photobiol. 10 227-232. 

Dodge, J. D. In Marine Dinoflagellates of the British Isles Her Majesty s Stationary Office London, 182 p 108. 

Figure 6 Toxic polyketide metabolites of marine dinoflagellates...

Kayser, H. 1976. Waste-water assay with continuous algal cultures the effect of mercuric acetate on the growth of some marine dinoflagellates. Mar. Biol. 36 61-72. 

Magnani, B., C.D. Powers, C.F. Wurster, and H.B. O Connors, Jr. 1978. Effects of chlordane and heptachlor on the marine dinoflagellate, Exuviella baltica Lohmann. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20 1-8. 

Doi Y, Ishibashi M, Nakamichi H, Kosaka T, Ishikawa T, Kobayashi J (1997) Luteophanol A, a new polyhydroxyl compound from symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. J Org Chem 62 3820-3823... 

Kjelleberg S, Steinberg P (2001) Surface waters in the sea. Microbiol Today 28 134-135 Knaggs AR (2003) The biosynthesis of shikimate metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 20 119-136 Kobayashi J, Ishibashi M, Nakamura H, Ohizumi Y, Yamasu T, Sasaki T, Flirata Y (1986) Amphidinolide-A an antineoplastic macrolide from the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. Tetrahedron Lett 27 5755-5758... 

The paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs Fig. 5.2a) include saxitoxin (STX) as well as STX analogs such as neo-saxitoxin (neo-STX), gonyautoxin (GTX), and the decar-bamoyltoxins (Sivonen and Jones 1999). These molecules are of particular concern in marine systems, where they have been implicated in human deaths following the consumption of contaminated seafood (Van Dolah 2000). The causative agents in those cases are several genera of marine dinoflagellates that are common components of red tides (e.g., Alexandrium sp. Homer et al. 1997 Van Dolah 2000). 

Baden, D. and Mende, T.J., Toxicity of two toxins from the Florida red tide marine dinoflagellate, Ptychodiscus brevis, Toxicon, 20, 2, 457, 1982. 

Both causes may be advocated for the widespread distribution of the silaffins. These polypeptides, as the name implies, show high affinity for silica, which is required to build up the skeleton of diatoms (Chart 8.2.P). Another example in this group is provided by certain tetrapyrroles that act as luciferins in marine dinoflagellates and other organisms (Chart 8.2.A Tables 9.1 and 13.5.II). 

Some natural products, or their degradation products, represent a hazard for mammals not because of general toxicity but for subtle, adverse properties, such as carcinogenicity and tumor promotion. They are best known fi om marine dinoflagellates (okadaic acid and structural analogues), filamentous fungi (trichothecenes and ochratoxins), and plants (pyrrolizidine alkaloids). 

Paclitaxel, camptothecin, vincristine, vinblastine, and other compounds currently under development as potential anticancer drugs (i.e., the bryostatins isolated from marine dinoflagellates) were discovered through a broad-based screening program to identify, using a whole-cell inhibition assay, natural products that are active against a battery of representative cancer cell lines. 

Hauser, D. C. R., Petrylak, D., Singer, G., and Levandowsky, M., Calcium-dependent sensory-motor response of a marine dinoflagellate to C02, Nature, 273, 230, 1978. 

Numerous studies have been conducted with cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum not only to confirm the biogenetic origin of yessotoxin 17 and 45,46,47-trinoryessotoxin 20 <1997MI164, 1999MI147>, but also to isolate and assign the structure of known and new YTX analogues, such as 27 (a l-en-3-one isomer of... 

Marine dinoflagellates produce a number of toxins, such as saxitoxin, surugatoxin, tetrodotoxin, and gonyautoxin, that affect ion channels (Table IV). These algae are eaten by some copepods, fish, and molluscs that also store these neurotoxins 4,17,28,29,494,495). As a consequence, these animals have acquired chemical defense compounds, which they can use against predators. 

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