Fatalities reduction

Cost-benefit analysis also requires a determination of the costs incurred from incident-related fatalities. Reduction in individual risk (fatalities per year) is a key component in risk associated with buildings in process plants. One method of determining the cost of fatal accidents is to estimate the amount of money that society might perceive as reasonable compensation in the event of a fatal accident. 

Noland, R.B., (2003). Medical Treatment and Traffic Fatality Reductions in Industrialised Countries. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35 (6), pp.877-883. 

AUsop, R.E., Sze, N.N., and Wong, S.C. 2011. An update on the association between setting quatified road safety targets and road fatality reduction. Accident Analysis and... 

Figure 3-11. Bar graphs of risk displays (top) versus stacked bar displays (bottom). Top bars show reduction in occupant fatalities with 100% belt use. Bottom graphs show change in risk of fatality for an individual licensed driver. (Numbers are based on NHTSA, 2005, fatality data with 45% belt use among fatally injured, 45 percent belt effectiveness in fatality reduction).

The most rigorous method to evaluate the contribution of belts to fatality reduction was developed by Evans (1986). With this method, known as the "double pair comparison" method, Evans first identified all fatal crashes involving cars with multiple occupants (where the driver was not necessarily the one who was killed). He then compared the fatality likelihood for drivers with and without belts relative to the likelihood of fatality of the other occupant with and without belts. The beauty of this approach is that there is no need for exposure measure, and hence no need to be concerned about exposure bias. Using the U.S. national Fatal Analysis Reporting System which documents every fatal crash in the U.S., Evans estimated that the... 

Evans, L. (1990). Restraint effectiveness, occupant ejection from cars, and fatality reductions, Anal. Prev., 22(2), 167-175. 

Country Base year Target year Target fatality reduction... 

Road safety policy formulation showed the largest degree of consensus between countries, especially with regards to the presence of a road safety strategy with specific quantitative targets for fatality reduction. Nevertheless, several inconsistencies and uncertainties are involved in the adoption of road safety programs and the participation or consultation of regional and local authorities. 

In this analysis, regression models were developed to test whether road safety management is associated with road safety performance. Different road safety outcomes (fatalities, reduction in fatalities, safety performance indicators - the intermediate outcomes) were tested against road safety management indicators and other background variables. Composite indicators were also used both as dependent and explanatory variables [BAX 12],... 

Recommendation VII Partner up. This recommendation calls for joining forces across the industry with OSHA and other interested parties for developing, promoting, and distributing fatality reduction-related awareness and training tools. 

Bismuth subnitrate [1304-85-4] (basic bismuth nitrate) can be prepared by the partial hydrolysis of the normal nitrate with boiling water. It has been used as an antacid and in combination with iodoform as a wound dressing (183). Taken internally, the subnitrate may cause fatal nitrite poisoning because of the reduction of the nitrate ion by intestinal bacteria. 

Induced fatalities from reduced disposable income Lives not saved through other available risk-reduction investments Approx. 15,5QQ/yr. Approx. 80Q,QQQ/yr. 

Type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It is characterized by severe congenital jaundice (serum bilirubin usually exceeds 20 mg/dL) due to mutations in the gene encoding bilirubin-UGT activity in hepatic tissues. The disease is often fatal within the first 15 months of life. Children with this condition have been treated with phototherapy, resulting in some reduction in plasma bilirubin levels. Phenobarbital has no effect on the formation of bilirubin glucuronides in patients with type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome. A liver transplant may be curative. 

Cl 0.08-0.96) and symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) (OR 0.34, 95% Cl 0.17-0.69), but an increase in major extracranial hemorrhage when compared to placebo (OR 2.17, 95% Cl 1.10. 28). Nonsignificant reductions in combined death and disability, as well as increases in case fatality and sICH were also observed. The authors concluded that insufficient evidence existed to support the routine use of LMWH in the management of patients with ischemic stroke. 

Low-molecular-weight heparins and heparinoids are not recommended in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.11 A meta-analysis was performed using data from 10 randomized controlled trials.19 A non-significant decrease in combined death and disability and a non-significant increase in case fatality and hemorrhage were seen. A reduction in venous thromboembolic events was observed in acute stroke patients however, there was also an increase in extracranial bleeding. 

Hyperlipidemia has not clearly been established as a risk factor for stroke, although it is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Recent studies show that statin use may reduce the incidence of a first stroke in high-risk patients (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease, or diabetes) including patients with normal lipid levels. A recent meta-analysis showed a 25% risk reduction for fatal and non-fatal strokes with statin use.4 Patients with a history of MI, elevated lipid levels, diabetes, and... 

Collins R., Scrimgeour A., Yusuf S Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med 1988 318, 1162-73. 

VSL is derived based on the monetary sum people are willing to pay for reducing the risk of fatality. An example of a suitable monetary sum is the price premium for a safe car, which together with risk reduction estimates for the safe car is sufficient to calculate a VSL. The WTP for As (the change in the risk to die) leads to the value of statistical life such as ... 

A significant reduction in populations of nontarget organisms and fatalities to endangered species (USEPA 1985)... 

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