Fall army worm activity

Azadirachtin, which is a tetranortriterpenoid, is an active ingredient of neem Azadirachta indica) seed oil. The structure of azadirachtin is as follows. It controls 200 species of insects, including locusts, gypsy moths, cockroaches, and fall army worms. It has an oral LD50in rats of >5000 mg/kg, making it essentially nontoxic to mammals. 

Carboxylamidase activity toward p-nitroacetanilide has been detected in different insect species from the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Dictyoptera. The carboxylamidase from fall army worm larvae has been purified. The purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 59,000-60,000 Da. The enzyme is inhibited by the hydrolase inhibitors paraoxon, triphenyl phosphate, eserine, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, showing I50 values of 4.7 iM, 0.2 mM, 16 iM, and 90 iM, respectively. Activity is also completely inhibited by the organophosphorus insecticides profenfos and dichlorvos at 0.1 mM. The enzyme is active toward other amides, such as acetanilide and phenacetin, and various a- and p-naphtholic esters. Based on the purification factor, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to hydrolase inhibitors, the carboxylamidase appears to be different from carboxy-lesterases in the fall army worm (Yu and Nguyen, 1998). 

Figure 10.4 Histogram for aldrin epoxidase activity in 50 individual larvae of the susceptible (S) and field (R) strains of the fall army worm. (From Yu, S.J., Pestic. Biochem. Physiol, 39,84,1991. With permission.)...

The azido derivative 683 (CGA 19255) had herbicidal and even better insecticidal activity. 683 prevented the development of the larvae of the house fly (Musca domestica) it was tested successfully as a poultry feed-through lar-vicide " . 684 (CGA 72622 cyromazine, Larvadex ), a metabolite of 683 23,824 proved to be better suitable as a larvicide " . It inhibited growth of a great variety of Diptera insect larvae (e.g. house fly, yellow fever mosquito, face fly, sheep blowfly, fall army worm). Additionally, 684 was used as anthelmintic . 684 is applied as a food additive for domestic or livestock animals or by spraying it on manure surface. Larvicidal properties of formamido " and formamidino derivatives of 684 have been tested. The bacterial degradation of 684 was investigated . ... 

The stilbenes from the bark of Yucca periculosa F. Baker had growth regulatory activity against the Fall Army worm, an insect pest of com. 3,3, 5,5 -Tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene was found to be the most active compound showing significant effect at 3 pg/g in diets. The results indicate the possible correlation of some antioxidant activities with insect growth and development [498],... 

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