Army worms

Yellow-striped army worm (28) Tobacco hornworm (3)... 

Highly toxic substances, such as cyanides, are sometimes feeding cues and stimulants for specialized insects. For example, instar larvae of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) strongly prefer cyanogenic foods, such as foliage of the lima bean, a plant with comparatively elevated cyanide content — up to 31 mg/kg in some varieties — in the form of linamurin (Brattsten et al. 1983). Feeding was stimulated in southern army worms at dietary levels up to 508 mg KCN/kg... 

Experimental studies with southern armyworm larvae and thiocyanate — one of the in vivo cyanide metabolites — showed that 5000 mg thiocyanate/kg diet reduced pupation by 77%, completely inhibited oviposition, and reduced adult emergence by 80% (Brattsten et al. 1983), strongly suggesting that thiocyanate poisoning is the primary effect of high dietary cyanide levels in southern army worms. 

Fall Army Worm (Laphygma frugiperda A. S.). Although it is only occasionally that the fall army worm becomes a pest of rice, there are seasons in which numerous fields are attacked by large numbers of this pest, with serious injury resulting. Any one at all familiar with army worms will readily understand the destruction caused by this insect in unflooded fields of rice. It probably would be surprising to those who have never witnessed it how effectively these worms are able to get to new plants in a field heavily flooded. 

Although flooding has been recommended for the control of fall army worms in rice, in the writer s experience this method is not effective. Toxaphene applied as a spray at the rate of 2 pounds per acre has been found to constitute good control. 

Baculoviruses are members of a large group of double-stranded DNA viruses which only infect invertebrates, including insects. The restricted host range makes baculoviruses safer than mammalian expression systems. The most widely used baculoviruses are Autographa califor-nica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The host cell most commonly used is Sf9, derived from the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. 

Ritter, F. J., Briiggemann, I. E. M., Gut, J., and Persoons, C. J. (1982). Recent pheromone research in the Netherlands on muskrats and some insects pests introduced from America into Europe the muskrat, Odatra zibethicus, the American cockroach, Peri-planeta americana, and the beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 190,107-130. 

Cells derived from the ovary of the fall army worm Spodopterafrugiperda are the most common used cell lines for heterologous protein production with a baculovirus vector (see Table l),but some authors have reported the use of a different cell line for VLP production, Trichoplusia ni HighFive cells (Invitrogen, San Diego, US) [24,41,50]. 

Insecticides Vetch aphid (Megoura viciae) bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) army worm (Spodoptera littoralis) diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) whitefly Bemisia tabaci) red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). 

Azadirachtin, which is a tetranortriterpenoid, is an active ingredient of neem Azadirachta indica) seed oil. The structure of azadirachtin is as follows. It controls 200 species of insects, including locusts, gypsy moths, cockroaches, and fall army worms. It has an oral LD50in rats of >5000 mg/kg, making it essentially nontoxic to mammals. 

Mitsui, T., Tada, M., Nobusawa, C., and Yamaguchi, I., Inhibition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transport by diflubenzuron across biomembranes of the midgut epithelial cells in the cabbage army worm, Mamestra brassicae L., /. Pestic. Science, 10,55,1985. 

In the fall army worm, Spodopterafrugiperda, sulfoxidation of phorate requires NADPH. It is inhibited by carbon monoxide and piperonyl butoxide, and induced by cytochrome P450 inducers (e.g., indole 3-carbinol and indole 3-acetonitrile) (Yu, 1985). 

Carboxylamidase activity toward p-nitroacetanilide has been detected in different insect species from the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Dictyoptera. The carboxylamidase from fall army worm larvae has been purified. The purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 59,000-60,000 Da. The enzyme is inhibited by the hydrolase inhibitors paraoxon, triphenyl phosphate, eserine, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, showing I50 values of 4.7 iM, 0.2 mM, 16 iM, and 90 iM, respectively. Activity is also completely inhibited by the organophosphorus insecticides profenfos and dichlorvos at 0.1 mM. The enzyme is active toward other amides, such as acetanilide and phenacetin, and various a- and p-naphtholic esters. Based on the purification factor, substrate specificity, and sensitivity to hydrolase inhibitors, the carboxylamidase appears to be different from carboxy-lesterases in the fall army worm (Yu and Nguyen, 1998). 

Epoxide rings of alkene and arene compounds are hydrated to form trans-diols. The enzymes that catalyze the addition of a molecule of water to an epoxide ring to yield diols are called epoxide hydrolases (also known as epoxide hydrases). Epoxide hydrolase activity has been detected in numerous species of insects. Enzymatic epoxide hydration of certain cyclodiene insecticides and their analogs has been demonstrated in the housefly, blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), southern army worm (Spodoptera eridania), and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Epoxide hydrolase is also important in the metabolism of juvenile... 

Quinones such as juglone and plambagin were reduced by quinone reductase in fall army-worms, corn earworms, tobacco budworm, and velvetbean caterpillars (Yu, 1987b). 

Glutathione S-transferases have received considerable attention because of their roles in insecticide detoxification and resistance in insects. Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases have been purified from more than two dozen insect species, including Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Dictyoptera, and Hymenoptera. These transferases exist in multiple forms as many as nine isozymes were found in midguts and fat bodies of fall army worm... 

Bull, D.L., Ivie, G.W., Beier, R.C., and Pryor, N.W., In vitro metabolism of a linear furanocoumarin (8-methoxypsoralen, xanthotoxin) by mixed-function oxidases of larvae of black swallowtail butterfly and fall army worm, /. Chem. Ecol., 12,885,1986. 

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