External waste management

A last application concerning the use of UV spectrophotometry for waste management is the quality control of external wastes, brought on a given centralised treatment plant. Wastes from septic tanks, industrial liquid wastes (high loaded wastewater or process water) or washing effluents (from tanks, for example) can be collected in small amounts by trucks, and brought to a centralised treatment plant. 

These wastes of various origins (Table 8) are characterised by a huge qualitative and quantitative variability. However, all these wastes present more or less structured UV spectra as shown in Fig. 27. 

Perfumeries Organic matter, solvents (alcohol, ketones, etc.) 

Electroplating Surfactants, citric acid, various minerals, etc.. .. 

Trucks and tanks washing water Various chemical products 

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The behaviour of the individual actors in the chain is in turn affected by both internal and external structures and factors. For example employers, employees, purchasing departments for substance input and waste management for output as well as the various specialised divisions in companies using chemical products thus pursue entirely different interests and strategies. A central concern of the SubChem project was how the interaction of all actors inside and outside the supply chain can accelerate or hamper innovations. 

In addition to turning to nature to solve discrete engineering problems such as acceleration and pumping, more and more engineers and planners are turning to natural models to solve problems regarding waste management and waste elimination. We humans are the only creatures that create terminal waste and primary products that serve no purpose (other than to fill disposal sites). Nature neatly takes care of its messes. There is no output of a process or system that is not an input to another. It is one big closed loop. Waste is not treated as an externality, but is treated as an asset. 

Evaluahng the economics of cleaner produchon inihahves is complicated by a number of uncertainties related to realistic accounting for internal and external costs associated with pollution, waste minimizahon, waste treatment, and waste management. Environmentally driven initiatives must sahsfy both environmental and economic criteria to be sustainable. 

Emissions to land the CER includes a separate section titled Waste Management that describes legal requirements and internal procedures. Hazardous waste discharges fell from 124000 tonnes in 1996 to 99000 tonnes in 1999. The 2003 target is 96 000 tonnes. While most of this waste is treated internally, external landfill accounted for 7000 tonnes in 1999, and 13000 tonnes went for external treatment. 

The effectiveness of the waste-management and environmental program can be measured by applying productivity measures internally to the organization or externally as benchmarking measures to compare performance with similar organizations. Measures include ... 

Finishing companies need to deal with water discharge and its chemical load, energy consnmption, air and water emissions, waste, odors, and noise. Waste management shonld focns primarily on prevention, secondly on reuse, recycling, and revaluation and only if those options fail go to external treatment of waste. 

Intermediate Eevel Waste (ILWL which will comprise mainly adsorption and filter media from gaseous and liquid radwaste treatment. Following appropriate pre-treatment, the ILW will be encapsulated in cement (to immobilise radionuclides) and stored on site (prior to future consignment to an off-site repository facility). A BAT assessment for management of ILW is presented in a Radioactive Waste Management Case Evidenee Report (Reference 14.21). All lEW solid waste streams will be handled in internal areas and not exposed to the external environment. 

External influences, such as national legislation, can also be immensely significant Ecological trends play a strong role, particularly in areas like solvent waste management, which strengthens the case for the development of solvent-free material systems and technologies. 

Tools to integrate the plant s operation with other services, such as power production and waste management, to further optimize profits and minimize losses due to interruptions in services provided by external companies... 

At TOCDF, treated scrap metal must be managed as a hazardous waste until verification testing has been accepted. Treated scrap metal is defined in the permit as metal from bulk containers, projectiles, and mortar rounds that has undergone thermal decontamination in the MPF under normal operating parameters and has no residue, internally or externally. Before shipment of treated scrap metal, residue in the interior and on... 

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