Explosives production

New Explosive Specialties Brochure on Eine Wave Generators, E. 1. du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc., Explosives Products Division, Wilmington, Del. 

Consider reaction forces on vented equipment from the discharge of explosion products from the vent. 

An important application of the impedance match method is demonstrated by the pressure-particle velocity curves of Fig. 4.9 for various explosives. Using the above method, the pressure in shock waves in various explosives is inferred from the intersection of the explosive Hugoniot with the explosive product release isentropes and reflected shock-compression Hugoniots (Zel dovich and Kompaneets, 1960). The amplitudes of explosively induced shock waves which can be propagated into nonreacting materials are calculable using results such as those of Fig. 4.9. 

Zaitzev, V.M., Pokhil, P.F., and Shvedov, K.K. (1960), An Electromagnetic Method for Measurement of the Velocity of Explosion Products, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 132, 1339-1340. 

It is more reactive than perchloryl fluoride and therefore not without danger. It forms, for instance, a highly explosive product with pyridine. Like perchloryl fluoride it reacts with enol ethers, esters and enamines, but at lower temperature (—78°) to yield the fluorinated ketones as well as addition... 

Hydrodynamic Theory of Detonation, I. Thermochemistry And Equation of State of The Explosion Products of Condensed Explosives , Res (London) 1, 132-44 (1947) CA 44, 10321 (1950) 66) J. Svadeba, Impact Sens -... 

Establishment of a Modern Explosives Production Plant at Nitrokemia Ipartelepek , FSTC-HT-23-2317-72 Trans of MagyarKemlkusok-Lapia (Hungary) Issue 5, 230—34.1971 (1973)... 

It will be noted that , is the specific internal energy of the unreacted explosive, whereas E2 is the specific internal energy of the explosion products at pressure p2 and specific volume v2. These equations are deduced from physical laws only and are independent of the nature or course of the chemical reaction involved. 

It will be noted that asp2 is greater than pu v2 must be less than v and W2 (known as the streaming velocity) is positive, meaning that the explosion products travel in the same direction as the detonation wave. This positive streaming velocity is a characteristic and identifying property of a detonation wave. 

These are the basic equations of the hydrodynamic theory of detonation. If p2 and v2 can be determined, they enable the remaining features of the detonation wave to be calculated. Unfortunately p2 and v, relate to conditions in the detonation wave and not to the lower pressure conditions which the explosion products would reach at equilibrium in, for example, a closed vessel. Therefore, further calculations are needed to determine p2 and v2. 

The major difficulty in applying this hydrodynamic theory of detonation to practical cases lies in the calculation of E2, the specific internal energy of the explosion products immediately behind the detonation front, without which the Rankine-Hugoniot curve cannot be drawn. The calculations require a knowledge of the equation of state of the detonation products and also a full knowledge of the chemical equilibria involved, both at very high temperatures and pressures. The first equation of state used was the Abel equation... 

Commercial explosives frequently contain salts, or give other solid residues. In calculations these cause difficulties, as it is not certain whether solid ingredients reach equilibrium with the explosion products. In the calculations it is possible either to assume thermal equilibrium, or to... 

Cook has propounded a rather different theory of the nature of the reaction zone. He emphasises that the demonstrable electrical conductivity of the detonation wave is evidence of a high thermal conductivity. Both these effects are ascribed to ionisation of the explosion products. In terms of the reaction zone, this implies a steady pressure with no peaks. 

Requirements 1 and 3 follow immediately from the considerations of the theory of detonation when it is remembered that the purpose of the charge is to obtain maximum effect, both from the shock wave of the explosive and also from the destructive effect of expansion of the explosion products. Requirements 1 and 2 follow from the consideration that any reduction in size and weight of the warhead of a missile, or in a shell, immediately makes it possible to increase the range and therefore the usefulness of the weapon. Requirement 5 relates not only to safety, but also the desirability, particularly for armour-piercing ammunition, for the time of detonation to be determined solely by the functioning of an appropriate fuze. 

A drum of 30% solution in water exploded an hour after filling at 50°C, despite having a vent. Calorimetry demonstrated an exothermic, autocatalytic hydrolysis to ammoniacal potassium bicarbonate. In theory, a pressure exceeding 30 bar is obtainable. Aqueous solutions are unstable even at room temperature. Similar hydrolysis may account for an explosive product with Gold(III) chloride. 

Action of oxygen at low temperature on the phosphine produces an explosive product. 

Ammonia either reacts violently, or produces explosive products, with all 4 halogens and some of the interhalogens. 

In a review of the interaction of the oxidant with organic compounds, attention is drawn to the possibility of formation of unstable or explosive products. 

A review on all the more or less explosive products which may be prepared from the above, with advice on safe handling and preparation. 

The product of interaction of sodium azide and phosphorus trichloride occasionally exploded on warming from 0°C to ambient temperature, but was examined safely in solution. The structure of the explosive product is determined as the title compound [1], rather than pentaazidophosphorane as originally reported [2], It contains some 82% of nitrogen. 

Interaction of selenium with alkali metal amides and alkaline earth metal amides gives explosive products. 

As the blast wave expands, it decays in strength, lengthens in duration, and slows down, both because of spherical divergence and because the chemical reaction is over, except for afterburning as the hot explosion products mix with the surrounding air. 

At the egress (discharge) end of the pipeline, provisions should be made to handle the fluid and product being emitted. Explosive products that are insoluble in the hydraulic fluid being used can be discharged into a sump where they can be removed later and destroyed, or through a fine mesh screen that will retain the explosive products for later disposition. Soluble products will require collection and disposition of both the product and the hydraulic fluid. 

The activating effect of the azide makes the fluorine labile, so that there is a risk of excess azide incorporation when attempting preparation by nucleophilic substitution of bromofluorocarboxylates, giving more explosive products than anticipated. 

Although aliphatic azides can be prepared under liquidrliquid phase-transfer catalytic conditions [3-5], they are best obtained directly by the reaction of a haloalkane with sodium azide in the absence of a solvent [e.g. 6, 7]. Iodides and bromides react more readily than chlorides cyclohexyl halides tend to produce cyclohexene as a by-product. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane are the most frequently used solvents, but it should be noted that prolonged contact (>2 weeks) of the azide ion with dichloromethane can produce highly explosive products [8, 9] dibromomethane produces the explosive bisazidomethane in 60% yield after 16 days [8]. 

Bear the formula in mind, however. The ingredients are metals and neutrons. Neutrons Here lies the whole difficulty of the matter, for free neutrons are unstable. How can they be liberated and made to react before they perish What is needed is a source of neutrons, a neutron-rich nucleus that will let one of its neutrons slip out from the folds of its robe. Neutron sources so far identified are few and far between. Indeed, we have only carbon-13 and neon-22. These are the only ones capable of supplying neutrons to nuclear reactions. And we are still worlds away from working out a detailed scenario for the explosive production of gold. 

---