Pour test, 12

Nakanishi and Reid (1971) at M.I.T. reported on pour tests with a liquid mixture of methane (92.7%) and nitrogen (7.3%). Explosions were reported for spills upon n-pentane, n-hexane, methylcyclohexane, and toluene. None were found for spills on n-butanol, benzene, p-xylene, solid n-hexane, mercury, or water (fresh or saline). It might be noted that the freezing points of benzene, toluene, and p-xylene are 5.5, -95, and 13°C, respectively. The fact that an explosion could be obtained with toluene but not with the other two organic liquids suggested that the ease of freezing the hot liquid surface was an important factor in determining whether an explosion could occur. 

Further aluminum pour tests were made in a heavy-wall stainless steel tank fitted with Lucite side windows. The tank was supported on a force transducer and pressure transducers were located on either end. In a test, after the spill, there was a predetermined delay and then the wire was exploded. The aluminum usuaUy had puddled on the tank bottom before the wire explosion and steam bubbles could be seen. The shock from the wire explosion usually collapsed the film and, following this, the aluminum expanded. If the shock were sufficiently energetic, the aluminum soon fragmented and expelled the water from the tank in a thermal explosion. In such cases, the force transducers on the bottom ranged from 5 to 10 N sec. (The exploding wire alone led to impulses around 1 N sec.) Efficiencies of an explosion calculated as indicated above were low. 

In the pour test [43] foam is obtained by pouring the solution tested through a calibrated orifice from a definite height on the surface of the same solution (Fig. 1.5). This method has been studied in details and has been adopted in several countries as a standard one for estimation of foaming ability of a solution (for example, solutions of detergents). This method has various modifications [5,6,8],... 

Fig. 1.5. Scheme of the apparatus for foam formation by the pour test 1 - vessel, containing the foaming... 

Pour test method (the Ross-Miles test)... 

Figure 2.11. Schematic of the apparatus used in the Ross-Miles pour test. (ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D1173-63 Standard test method). The foam volume is measured immediately after the generation of the foam, and again after periods of 5 and 10 min...

It is well known that impact of inherent liquid drops can also cause air entrainment (see, e.g., reference [50]), a process that is in fact the basis of the well-known Ross-Miles pour test [51] (see Section 2.2.3). That drop impact can cause both the formation and destruction of foam would seem to be contradictory. It is, however, clearly a real effect that probably concerns the relative magnitude of variables such as the gas phase volume fraction in the foam, foam film thickness, and drop properties such as size, velocity, and frequency. Such a vague statement suggests the need for improved understanding of the phenomena associated with inherent liquid drop impact on foam and foam films. 

CarbonX Repel sheds molten metal, petrochemicals, and hot/flam-mable liquids and will not burn, melt or ignite. Repel is a lightweight blend of high-performance fibers combined with a proprietary compound that enables the fabric to shed hot liquids. Repel passes the ASTM F955 pour test. Carbon X, (404) 805-4197, www.carbonx.com. Circle 283... 

With a proprietary compound added to its fiber blend, CarbonX Repel remarkably sheds molten metal, petrochemicals and hot/flammable liquids. It passes the ASTM F955 pour test for molten iron and alu-... 

Unlike other aluminized fabrics that can be rigid and heavy, the CarbonX Aluminized Fleece is flexible and lightweight yet still delivers superior protection for individuals working in molten-metal and high-heat environments. It also passes the ASTM F955 pour test for molten iron and aluminum. This fabric s applications include coats, jackets, hoods, full-body suits, pants, leggings and overshoes/spats. 

In the cloud tesi (D97) the oil is cooled, from at least 25°F above the cloud point, in a specified test jar. The cooling bath is held between 15 and 30°F below the cloud point of the oil. At intervals the test jar is removed from the brine bath without disturbance to the oil, and the temperature at- which distinct cloudiness or haziness appears in the bottom of the jhr is recorded as the cloud point. The cloud point of dark-colored oils may be estimated by the temperature at which the viscosity increases rapidly. The pour test (D97) is conducted in much the same manner. However, the oil is first heated to 115°F, to be sure that all wax has dissolved, and cooled to 90 F before the test. As in the cloud test, the bath is held 15 to 30°F below the estimated pour point. 

Years ago the industry had a specified cold test which indicated the capacity of the oil to flow after Vigorous stirring at a low temperature. This test proved to be inadequate and should not be confused with the cloud or pour tests of today. 

A good measure of an aluminized fabric s protective performance is its ability to pass the ASTM F955 pour test. This test demonstrates and quantifies a protective fabric s resistance to contact with molten metal and the amount of heat transferred to the wearer. Heat sensors are used to measure the temperature change on the backside of a fabric while... 

Molisch s test A general test for carbohydrates. The carbohydrate is dissolved in water, alcoholic 1-naphthol added, and concentrated sulphuric acid poured down the side of the tube. A deep violet ring is formed at the junction of the liquids. A modification, the rapid furfural test , is used to distinguish between glucose and fructose. A mixture of the sugar, 1-naphthol, and concentrated hydrochloric acid is boiled. With fructose and saccharides containing fructose a violet colour is produced immediately the solution boils. With glucose the appearance of the colour is slower. 

At lower temperatures, the crystals increase in size, and form networks that trap the liquid and hinder its ability to flow. The pour point is attained which can, depending on the diesel fuel, vary between -15 and -30°C. This characteristic (NF T 60-105) is determined, like the cloud point, with a very rudimentary device (maintaining a test tube in the horizontal position without apparent movement of the diesel fuel inside). 

Performance can be illustrated for example by the time necessary for deaeration or de-emulsification of oils, anti-rust properties, copper strip corrosion test, the flash point in closed or open cup, the cloud and pour points, the foaming characteristics, etc. 

GFC (Groupement Francois de Coordination pour le developpement des essais de performances des lubrifiants et des combustibles pour moteurs) the membership of which includes petroleum companies, additive manufacturers, automobile manufacturers and a few consumers. The GFC is interested mainly in mechanical testing. 

American Petroleum Institute atmospheric residue atmospheric residue hydroconversion American Society for Testing and Materials Association pour la Valorisation des Huiles Lourdes Anstalt fur Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List Bureau of Mines Correlation Index bromine number... 

N Madaoui, D Premel, and D Placko. Description et modelisation d un dispositif cx-perimetal 4, courants induits tournants pour la tomographie 3d a courants de foucault. In COFREND Congress on Non Destructive Testing, Nantes, 1997. 

Dissolve 5 g. (5 ml.) of aniline in 50 ml. of warm dilute sulphuric acid in a conical flask and add 50 ml. of water. Place a thermometer in the solution, immerse the flask in a mixture of ice and water, and cool until the temperature of the stirred solution falls to 5°. Dissolve 4-5 g. of powdered sodium nitrite in 20 ml. of water, and add this solution in small quantities (about 2-3 ml. at a time) to the cold aniline sulphate solution. Keep tne latter well shaken and maintain the temperature at about 5° (see p. 183). When all the sodium nitrite solution has been added, transfer about 5 ml. of the cold solution to a test-tube for each of the following reactions. The remainder of the diazonium hydrogen sulphate solution must be kept in ice-water until required, and then when all the reactions have been carried out, the solution should be poured down the sink. 

I. Methyl salicylate test. Heat i ml. of methanol with 0 5 g. of sodium sdicylate (or free salicylic acid) and a few drops of cone. H2SO4 gently for i minute. Cool, pour into a few ml. of cold water in a boiling-tube, and shake. Note the odour of methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen). 

Ester formation. Heat gently i ml. of ethanol with 0 5 g. of the acid or one of its salts and a few drops of cone. HjSO for about I minute. Cool and pour into a few ml. of water in a test-tube and note the odour. The test is particularly useful for identifying ... 

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