Explosion calculations

As the steam w as hot and the nitrogen was cold, much more nitrogen than steam was needed to prevent air from being drawn into the stack. After the explosion, calculations showed that 1.6 tons/hr were necessary, four times as much as the amount supplied. After the explosion, the company decided to use only nitrogen in the future, not steam [5]. 

Application of the Baker-Strehlow method for evaluating blast effects from a vapor cloud explosion involves defining the energy of the explosion, calculating the scaled distance (/ ), then graphically reading the dimensionless peak pressure (Ps) and dimensionless specific impulse (i ). Equations (4.41) and (4.42) provide the means to calculate incident pressure and impulse based on the dimensionless terms. 

The preceding case studies have shown that gas explosion calculations inside realistic process plant layouts are possible, using the state-of-the-art 3D computer model, named EXSIM. The peak pressures found in the four chosen calculation cases are summarized in the following table ... 

Explosion calculations, 499-504 Estimating destruction, 501 Overpressure, 502 Pressure piling, 501, 504 Relief sizing, 505 Scaled distance, 502, 503 Schock from velocity, 503 TNT equivalent, 499-504 Explosion characteristics of dusts, 515 Explosion suppression, 518 Explosion venting, gases/vapors, 504 Bleves, 504 Explosions, 482 Blast pressure. 496 Combustion, 482 Confined, 482 Damage, 498-501 Deflagration, 482 Detonation, 483... 

Further aluminum pour tests were made in a heavy-wall stainless steel tank fitted with Lucite side windows. The tank was supported on a force transducer and pressure transducers were located on either end. In a test, after the spill, there was a predetermined delay and then the wire was exploded. The aluminum usuaUy had puddled on the tank bottom before the wire explosion and steam bubbles could be seen. The shock from the wire explosion usually collapsed the film and, following this, the aluminum expanded. If the shock were sufficiently energetic, the aluminum soon fragmented and expelled the water from the tank in a thermal explosion. In such cases, the force transducers on the bottom ranged from 5 to 10 N sec. (The exploding wire alone led to impulses around 1 N sec.) Efficiencies of an explosion calculated as indicated above were low. 

Thermodynamic properties for explosion calculations are presented for major organic chemical compounds. The thermodynamic properties include enthalpy of formation, Gibbs free energy of formation, internal energy of formation and Helmholtz free energy of formation. The major chemicals include hydrocarbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and other compound types. 

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR EXPLOSION CALCULATIONS - INORGANIC COMPOUNDS... 

App. B Thermodynamic Properties for Explosion Calculations -Inorganic Compounds 201... 

Decreases volume of confinement used in confined vapor explosion calculations... 

Treatment of the ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole (113) with hydrazine hydrate leads to selective reduction of one of the nitro groups to yield 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA) (114), a high performance explosive (calculated VOD 8460 m/s) possessing thermal stability (m.p. 238 °C) and an extremely low sensitivity to impact. ANTA (114) is also synthesized from the nitration of 3-acetyl-l,2,4-triazole with anhydrous nitric acid in acetic anhydride at subambient temperature followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl functionality. The ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-l,2,4-triazole (113) is itself a useful explosive which forms a eutectic with ammonium nitrate. ... 

CA 55, 24011(1961) (Equation of state of the products in. RDX detonation) Mj) W. Fickett, "Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermo-lecular Potentials , Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LA-2712(1962), Los Alamos, New Mexico, pp 9-10 (Model of von Neumann-Zel dovich), pp 153-66 [Comparison of KW (Kistiakowsky-Wilson) equation of state with those of LJD (Lennard-Jones-Devonshire) and Constant-/ ] M2) C.L. 

Fickett, Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermolecular Potentials ,... 

Fickett in "Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermolecular Potentials , Los Alamos Scientific Lab Rept LA-2712 (1962), pp 34-38, discusses perturbation theories as applied to a system of deton products consisting of two phases one, solid carbon in some form, and the other, a fluid mixt of the remaining product species. He divides these theories into two classes conformal solution theory, and what he chooses to call n-fluid theory. Both theories stem from a common approach, namely, perturbation from a pure fluid whose props are assumed known. They differ mainly in the choice of expansion variables. The conformal solution method begins with the assumption that all of the intermolecular interaction potentials have the same functional form. To obtain the equation of state of the mixt, some reference fluid obeying a common reduced equation of state is chosen, and the mixt partition function is expanded about that of the reference fluid... 

Detonation Properties of Some Service Explosives. Calculation of detonation properties was done during WWII in US and is described by S.R. Brinkley Jr E.B. 

W. Fickett in "Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated with an Equation of State Based on Intermole-cular Potentials , LosAlamosScientific-LabRept LA-2712(1962), pp 38-42, reports that pseudopotential theories are obtd by an approach completely different from perturbation theories. The problem of defining a system of detonation products consisting of both solid carbon in some form and a fluid mixt of the remaining product species has been formally rearranged to a single fictitious substance with an extremely complicated compn- temp-dependent potential function , called the pseudopotential. The fictitious substance corresponding to this potential is clearly non-conformal with the components of the mixt... 

The kinetic energy of a moving body is E =%mv2, and I suggest that the shock effect might be calculated from this equation by using as m the mass of the matter in the reaction zone for a given explosive (calculated by hydro dynamic theory)... 

Table 4.3 Figure of Insensitiveness (F of I )for some primary and secondary high explosives calculated from the results of the Rotter Impact Machine (5 kg falling weight on to 30 mg samples)...

Table 4.4 Figure of Friction ( F of F) for some secondary explosives calculated ...

Valve, Explosive Calculations. In the past, explosively actuated valves have been designed on an empirical basis because the interactions and forces involved in a valve operation were not fully understood. However, this design approach was satisfactory in that the size and design of the valves permitted a more than adequate amount of expl to be used to ensure proper operation of the valves. That is, the driving force available from the extra expl pro-... 

The discussion in this paper shows that we in the future can expect the understanding of the stellar nucleosynthesis from observations of supernovae to be considerably improved. Most of the physics in connection with the thermalization of the y-rays is well understood, as well as most of the atomic data going into the calculations. There are, however, in this area some uncertain processes, most importantly the charge transfer reactions between the various ions, like O II + Na I O I + Na II. Also the ionization of the trace elements, Na I, Mg I and Si I, may be sensitive to the treatment of the UV radiation field. However, these problems are likely to be solved in the near future. Therefore, from a given explosion model of the density and abundance structure one can predict what the late spectrum should be, and compare this with the observations. Especially the line profiles are important, since they provide a test of the probably most uncertain part of the explosion calculations. 

O O Potassium perchlorate, KC104, is used extensively in explosives. Calculate the mass of oxygen in a 24.5 g sample of potassium perchlorate. 

The strength per unit volume of an explosive calculated from its - Weight Strength and - Density. 

Caution The following reactions can proceed explosively Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen that can be produced by reaction with water of (a) 0.600 g of lithium and (b) 0.600 g of barium, (c) Explain the difference. 

Properties of explosives, calculation of 2 Propionc peroxide 499 Propy I nitrates 306 (11/165)... 

The total volume of the Pacific Ocean is estimated to be 7.2 X 10 km. A medium-sized atomic bomb produces 1.0 X 10 J of energy upon explosion. Calculate the number of atomic bombs needed to release enough energy to raise the temperature of the water in the Pacific Ocean by 1°C. 

Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of fertilizer, dyes, drugs, and explosives. Calculate the pH of a HNO3 solution having a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.76 M. 

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