Experiment Equipment

A mechanical electrochemical equipment and corrosive couple equipment were designed in order to study the electrochemical behavior of sulphide mineral surface and galvanic interaction based on the method used by Rneer (1997) as shown in Fig. 8.1 and Fig. 8.2, respectively. 

1-electrochemistiy measurement 2-mineral opposite electrode 3-reference electrode 4-woridng electrode 

---

Technique Selection. The design of an experiment is dictated by the nature of the analytical techniques available. The "alphabet soup" of surface methods provide many alternatives to the researcher, but they also add confusion because few workers have a complete array of methods at their laboratory nor do they have a working knowledge of the many possible techniques. Comparison charts, such as Table II (also see ref. 25) can help in selection of appropriate techniques, but operator experience, equipment style and accessories, and availability all make important differences. Frequently it is useful to apply two or more complimentary methods to solve a problem. The different types of data can be used to confirm or rule out any particular model or theory. 

Reproducibility, as defined by ICH, represents the precision obtained between laboratories with the objective of verifying if the method will provide the same results in different laboratories. The reproducibility of an analytical method is determined by analyzing aliquots from homogeneous lots in different laboratories with different analysts, and by using operational and environmental conditions that may differ from, but are still within the specified, parameters of the method (interlaboratory tests). Various parameters affect reproducibility. These include differences in room environment (temperature and humidity), operators with different experience, equipment with different characteristics (e.g., delay volume of an HPLC system), variations in material and instrument conditions (e.g., in HPLC), mobile phases composition, pH, flow rate of mobile phase, columns from different suppliers or different batches, solvents, reagents, and other material with different quality. 

When this definition of fitness for purpose is applied to toe pharmaceutical industry, it can be seen to fit well with toe concepts of quality. Personnel have to be shown to be fit for purpose for toe job they are employed to do (training, education and experience). Equipment needs to be demonstrated as fit for purpose based on qualification/validation, maintenance and calibration. Manufacturing processes are deemed fit for purpose based on in-process testing, process validation, etc. Process materials are shown to be fit for purpose based on testing appropriate to their intended use in toe process. This use will vary depending on toe stage of processing and whether it is a primary (chemical) process or a secondary (formulation) process. 

IV. Personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment includes chemical-resistant clothing and gloves and protective respiratory gear. The use of such equipment should be supervised by experts in industrial hygiene or others with appropriate training and experience. Equipment that is incorrectly selected, improperly fitted, poorly maintained, or inappropriately used may provide a false sense of security and may tail, resulting in serious injury. 

Safety is a line responsibility that is shared by the operators, facility supervisor, facility manager. Director, and Vice President. The staff is procedurally trained to understand and obey the Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs) of the facility. If plant conditions change such that TSRs are threatened by operations, experiments, equipment failures or external forces, then operations are immediately terminated to minimize the possibilify of a TSR violation and a potential unanalyzed or unsafe condition. The Hot Cell Facility Periodic Maintenance/ Surveillance Operating Procedure (SNL 1997c) requires periodic inspection and checkout of important safety equipment and safety system settings to minimize the chance of "undetected" degradation of safety equipment that could lead to a safety function failure. 

Republic. This is a whole set of measures, inspections, checks, measurements and diagnostic tests that lead to the higher rehabdity and lower failure rate of the whole system. Each operator has its own PMO, and thus PMOs can differ according to the type of terrain, chmatic, operational and other conditions, imder which the hnes are operated. From the point of view of operational reliabdity, PMO is the most important factor. If PMO is prepared correctly and properly adhered to, when on the basis of instructions provided by the manufacturer and on the basis of practical experience, equipment is inspected, adjusted and checked, failures will not occur in the future. In the CEZ Group, Inc., the period of inspection of medimn voltage equipment is 4 years, but e.g. in the case of equipment suppUed newly (e.g. disconnector switches or isolator switches) the maintenance-free period of 10 years since the installation of it is determined by the manufacturer. 

An analytical chemist in a moderately equipped laboratory, with particular experience in the techniques covered above, may be able to characterize, in a mixture, any and all CLA-C18 2 isomer(s) rangjng from dr-6,8- to c/r-13,15- by GC and Ag -HPLC in a few days. Ptecise qualitative and quantitative analysis of actual sample test portions is frequently accompanied with complicating factors and may require a great deal of experience, equipment, and a long period of time to accomplish (14,17). 

Qualified data should be used to calculate the TSU. Data sources may include any of the following operating experience, equipment qualification tests, equipment specifications, engineering analysis, laboratory tests, and engineering drawings. The TSU should account for the effects of process instmment uncertainties, considering the following ... 

Costs of steel or concrete towers can vary with a number of factors hence, market conditions, contractor s experience, equipment availability, design details, and site-specific influences will likely determine whether steel or concrete is the most economic material. 

Number of plates/second Pressure Flow rate (mm/min) Time of experiment Equipment Purpose Quantity chromatographed 0.02 Negligible 5-50 Hours to days Simple column and accessories Predominantly preparative mg to kg 5 Upto 8000 psi 600 Minutes to hours Integrated chromatograph Predominantly analytical ng to mg... 

---