Existing chemicals overview

An overview is provided of ongoing risk assessments on halogenated phosphate ester flame retardants in Europe. On the basis of the so-called second and fourth Priority lists on Existing Chemicals (Council Regulation No793/93) three chlorinated phosphate ester flame retardants are selected. The selection is based on their hazard profile, volume and use pattern. The three substances involved are TCPP, TDCP and TCEP (Antiblaze V6 from Albemarle is also involved but, due to confidentiality, is not discussed. An outline is provided from a European point of view on topics such as methodology of risk analyses, data-gaps and worst case approach, industry involvement, downstream participation and possible impact of final report on industry. 2 refs. 

E.H. Hurst s overview introduced several themes pursued by other chemical industry speakers. The Dow Chemical Company s E.H. Blair analyzed the problem of setting priorities for testing the 55,000 existing chemicals listed in the TSCA inventory for their effects on health and the environment. Resources for such testing are not unlimited. A systematic classification was made of these substances by production volume. The 9.5% of these substances which account for 99.9% of reported production were divided further into categories such as organic, inorganic, and polymeric. 

Van Wezel, A.P. (1999) Overview of international programmes on the assessment of existing chemicals. Report no. 601503015. RIVM (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. 

Chapter 17 is the concluding chapter of this book. It summarises the book from a broad prospective and it looks toward the future of chemical education. It attempts to identify research and development in chemistry education to address current and potential problems. In the first part of the chapter, an overview of current shortcomings in chemical education is presented. Implications of changes in chemistry itself for chemical education are also inferred. In the middle part, the impact of chemical education research on policy and practice are discussed. First, six types of educational research are identified and exemplified by studies cited elsewhere in this book. Subsequently, this framework is used to determine which specific types of research will needed in the future and in roughly what proportion. Second, a six-level model to explain the (lack of) impact of existing chemical education research on classroom practice is introduced. These levels vary from chemistry teachers unawareness of (potentially relevant) research findings to chemistry teachers decision to use these findings to... 

An overview of the use of hardwood and softwood is given in Figure 8.1 (B. Holmbom, 2009, private communication). As the schematic picture reveals, many possibilities exist for the use of wood - and biomass in general - as a source of chemicals. 

We have given a brief overview of the present state of instrumentation for CL-based analysis. Technological improvements have resulted in ultrasensitive, reliable, and user-friendly system components and instruments. As will be appreciated, the range of instruments offered has become very broad and the purpose of this chapter was not to be comprehensive and to describe all existing instruments or techniques. Readers interested in more details should read technical journals dedicated to clinical, chemical, or biotechnological laboratories or re-... 

In view of the use of glycerol as a chemical commodity for the production of chemical intermediates, an overview will be made of existing catalytic knowledge. More specifically, glycerol oxidation, dehydration, hydrogenolysis, oligomerization/polymerization, polyol formation, and formation of a few miscellaneous products will be dealt with. 

ERPs do not necessarily need to be one document. They may consist of an overview document, individual emergency action procedures, checklists, additions to existing operations manuals, appendices, etc. There may be separate, more detailed plans for specific incidents. There may be plans that do not include particularly sensitive information and those that do. Existing applicable documents should be referenced in the ERP (e.g., chemical Risk Management Program, contamination response). 

The intent of this chapter is not to provide an exhaustive review of chemical- and biosensors and probes, but rather to offer a brief overview of existing optical techniques and an indepth analysis of near-infrared (NIR) fluorogenic probes and sensors for the detection of metal ions, solution pH, and biomolecules and to present some of the latest results. 

Several excellent reviews currently exist on particular aspects of marine chemical ecology,1-6 so this chapter does not attempt to provide a comprehensive or historic overview, but rather tries to provide a sound conceptual discussion of the diversity and importance of chemically mediated interactions involving mobile invertebrates. Due to space constraints, not all relevant studies can be included, and recent studies are sometimes cited in favor of more classical work, as these provide similar conceptual information but often use more advanced methodologies and provide greater access to other literature on the topic. Where possible, this chapter highlights studies that assess the importance of chemically mediated interactions within the broader context of ecology and evolutionary biology. 

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