Executable program

The essential differences between sequential-modular and equation-oriented simulators are ia the stmcture of the computer programs (5) and ia the computer time that is required ia getting the solution to a problem. In sequential-modular simulators, at the top level, the executive program accepts iaput data, determines the dow-sheet topology, and derives and controls the calculation sequence for the unit operations ia the dow sheet. The executive then passes control to the unit operations level for the execution of each module. Here, specialized procedures for the unit operations Hbrary calculate mass and energy balances for a particular unit. FiaaHy, the executive and the unit operations level make frequent calls to the physical properties Hbrary level for the routine tasks, enthalpy calculations, and calculations of phase equiHbria and other stream properties. The bottom layer is usually transparent to the user, although it may take 60 to 80% of the calculation efforts. 

A main executive program which controls and keeps track of the flow-sheet calculations and the flow of information to and from the sub-routines. 

In a sequential-modular program the executive program sets up the flow-sheet sequence, identifies the recycle loops, and controls the unit operation calculations interacting with the unit operations library, physical property data bank and the other sub-routines. It will also contain procedures for the optimum ordering the calculations and routines to promote... 

In an equation based simulators the executive program sets up the flow-sheet and the set of equations that describe the unit operations, and then solves the equations taking data from the unit operations library and physical property data bank and the file of thermodynamic sub-routines. 

The next thing that is needed is a program that keeps track of all the process and utility streams, and determines the order in which the individual equipment calculations will be performed. This is sometimes referred to as the executive program. The user of this system has merely to put into computer language the flow diagram, which identifies the units (areas of heat exchangers, number of trays in a distillation column) and their interrelations, and to list the operating characteristics of each unit (the pressures, temperatures, exit compositions), the input variables to the plant... 

Crowe et al. have written a book entitled Chemical Plant Simulation 2 that gives the details of the steady-state simulation of a contact sulfuric acid plant. It uses an executive program named PACER. This and many other such programs as COPS, Flowsim, GPFS, and PDA are for sale.3... 

The procedure for programming a design problem does not differ greatly from the plant simulation example. The major difference is that instead of simulation equations that determine the output from the input conditions, design equations must be used that size the equipment needed to perform the desired changes. There is no reason why the executive programs mentioned previously cannot be adapted for this purpose. 

On a small scale, pluggable user-interface widgets form components. Several such kits come with visual builders, such as Visual Basic, which help you plug the components together. Kits also may extend to small parts outside the user interface domain (for example, VisualAge and JavaBeans). These components all work within one executable program. 

So in fact the type is now a class or some other implementation unit (such as an executable program whose instance variables are represented as global variables within the process). The collaboration describes how its internals work. The Editorjmplementation type and those within its box are all design types (rather than hypothetical specification types, as discussed in Section 3.8.6). Any implementation of this collaboration must implement them in order to realize this collaboration. 

The first APIs were sets of functions that an external component could invoke. If there was ary notion of an object receiving the function calls, it was the entire running executable itself. But the most recent developments in this field have put the executable program into the background (see Figure 10.2). The objects are the spreadsheet cells, the paragraphs in the document, the points on the graph the application software is only the context in which those objects execute. The component architecture determines what kinds of object interactions are allowed. 

The initial structure of the program is then followed by statements reflecting the dynamic model equations. These are also provided with comment lines with surrounding braces to distinguish them from the executable program lines. Note that the kinetic rate equations are expressed separately apart from the balance equations, to provide additional simplicity and additional flexibility. The kinetic rates are now additional variables in the simulation and the rates can... 

The command tangle generates a C file from the web file which can then be processed to produce an executable program. The same web file, example.web, would be processed as follows -tangle example.web > example.c gcc example.c > example example < example.in > example.out... 

One of the authors (D.H. Chen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710), has written a computer program incorporating this complete estimation method and it is available for a nominal fee. This Fortran-based program is an executable program that will run out of DOS on an IBM-compatible PC. Structural input to the program is via a series of queries the user must respond to. Some familiarity with the estimation method is necessary to properly use the computer program. 

AirCIri). This is an executable program for any air-cooler condenser. The inputted Q will be the heat duty transferred. Data inputs for condenser tube-side transport property values of viscosity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat should be determined as for two-phase flow values calculated in Chap. 6. Use the average tube-side temperature for these condensing film transport property values. Weighted average values between gas and liquid should also be determined and applied like that used in the two-phase flow equations in Chap. 6. 

Next run the executable program on the CD supplied with this book. Duplicate Fig. 7.13 by clicking on the Run Program button. Please note that all the answers you have calculated are displayed as the answers in Fig. 7.13. The difference in the answers is due to the equation accuracy used for curve-fitting and the inaccuracies we have made in rounding off and reading the data charts. 

With the Open command button and the Save command button, you may enter any data desired into the file FLSHDAT, remove any data desired, or modify any data, as long as you keep the same format of data input line by line. Of course, if you don t keep this same format, the RefFlsh.exe executable program will fail with an illegal function call. You can indeed make any other format changes you wish in these Open and Save command buttons. 

Here s what the second form should look like when finished. The program RefFlsh default values are shown. Simply click on Run Prog and View Feed command buttons to get this screen on your executable program. Please note, however, you first must input the first form you made by clicking on the Open and Input Feed command buttons. The first form, named Datalnput, must be executed before the second form, ProgRun, will run. 

The largest impact on readers is that they will be receiving much "fresher" journals as the publication time is reduced. This will hasten the feedback cycle and interaction of research groups. A second impact is they will receive materials that were simply not available before, e.g., executable programs, three-dimensional models, source code, and parameter sets in a form directly usable by them. Readers will essentially receive "more useful" information faster with fewer errors than they currently receive. 

Ethernet, 190, 191 LAN, 183 protocol, 181 Euclidean distance, 85 european font, 5 executable program, 13 file, 67... 

Acknowledgments I am indebted to Paloma Gil for advice and helpful discussions, to Rebecca Pogni for the use of EPR facilities in the University of Siena, and to Ricardo Paredes for assistance in figure preparation. Original research presented here was funded by Papiit-UNAM 202407 and by the Executive Program of Scientific and Technological Cooperation Mexico-Italy 2006-2009. 

Since in all these cases we used oxidants to induce apoptosis, a relatively massive background oxidation of all PnA-labeled phospholipid classes was observed and masked apoptosis-specific PS oxidation. Therefore, we next determined whether a non-oxidant-induced apoptosis model could be used to reveal more explicitly the selective mode of PS oxidation inherent to the apoptosis execution program. To this end, we used agonistic anti-Fas antibody to induce apoptosis in Jurkat B cells according to a commonly used protocol (Fadeel et al., 1999). Importantly, we foundthat anti-Fas-triggered apoptosis in Jurkat cells was characterized by early and selective oxidaiton of cA-PnA-PS (Kagan et al., 2001) without any significant involvement of other classes of phospholipids. 

A solution to avoid all the pain of machine-language or assembler is a series of high-level languages, a "compiler," which translates, much as a dictionary would, these instructions into machine code, and a "linker," which connects parts of the task with each other, with "library" routines such as sin(x), cos(x), random(x), and so on, and with input/output (I/O) calls, to create an executable program. The compilers should allow the same "source" code to be compiled, with minor modifications, on any computer "platform" that supports a compiler for that language. 

Executed program and data files are loaded correctly on the hard disk. 

SPMD Single program, multiple data a special case of MIMD in which only one executable program is invoked. 

Evaluates developmental engineering efforts coordinating business objectives with realistic execution programs. 

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