Equipment calculators

Process simulators stop generally at the process specifications for the equipment. For the detailed mechanical design of the equipment, such as heat exchangers and distillation columns, stand-alone programs are often used. They make process calculations, size the equipment, calculate thermal and mechanical stresses, design mechanical support of the parts of the equipment, design inlet and outlet nozzles, etc. 

The next thing that is needed is a program that keeps track of all the process and utility streams, and determines the order in which the individual equipment calculations will be performed. This is sometimes referred to as the executive program. The user of this system has merely to put into computer language the flow diagram, which identifies the units (areas of heat exchangers, number of trays in a distillation column) and their interrelations, and to list the operating characteristics of each unit (the pressures, temperatures, exit compositions), the input variables to the plant... 

Finally, it must be noted that tensides that are adsorbed at the interface cause a stiffening of the interface. They hinder or even stop the inner circulation and oscillation of drops, and reduce the mass transfer intensity. Moreover, they form a barrier against the mass transfer, so that a further resistance term should be considered in the overall mass transfer process [28] in Eq. (9.33). Since the nature and concentration of tensides in industrial processes cannot be predicted, such phenomena cannot be taken into consideration during equipment calculations. 

Equipment Sizing Before equipment costs can be obtained, it is necessary to determine equipment size from material and energy balances. For preliminary estimates, rules of thumb may be used but for definitive and detailed estimates, detailed equipment calculations must be made. 

A comprehensive report should be issued upon completion of the test procedures, which should include all values measured for compliance, a listing of all test equipment, calculations, conversions, and all appropriate statistical justification along with comments pertaining to system function and operation. A dated test-completion or certification sticker should be affixed to the LAP unit referring any examining authority to the completed test report. All reports should include floor plans or maps of the clean space, which identify sample locations, probe heights. 

Computers command and phase the electromechanical operation of the analyzer, thus ensuring that all functions are performed uniformly, are repeatable, and are in the correct sequence (e.g., transfer of solutions, placement of proper filters, and regulation and change in speed of rotation). Computer control of operational features of automated equipment, calculation of results, and monitoring of operation contribute to the increased reproducibility of results. These combined features, theoretically at least, allow less-skiUed operators to operate such systems. 

If the design is to be used only for preconstruction cost estimation and plant layout work, a standard specification sheet as shown in Table 4-2 is useful, either in part or as a whole. It is particularly suited for summarizing process equipment calculations in a plant design course. 

According to the data presented in Table 65.3, the above value includes the cost of a dryer, a fan, a filter, a heater, and the instrumentation. The cost of the remaining equipment calculated on the basis of the past cost data is US 201,000 (in the year 2006). Then the cost of the entire drying system is to be US 1,757,000. The installed cost of the system should contain the components presented in Table 65.5. As a result of calculations, the fixed cost for drying of 35,280 t/year of the laundry detergent is predicted for the year 2006 at the level of US 1,449,780 per annum, resulting with US 41.09/t of dried product. 

Onboard equipments calculate a speed profile, taking into account the received movement authorities and the train characteristics (mass, length...). The speed limit as well as the current speed are displayed to the driver using a normalized interface (Figure 1), and are monitored by onboard equipments (Automatic Train Protection function with brake application in case of a speed excess). 

Computers, printers, monitors, copying equipment, calculators, data storage equipment, projectors, telephones, etc. 

L. Theodore, Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations," John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008. 

As stated in the chapter, potassium superoxide (KO2) is a useful source of oxygen employed in breathing equipment. Calculate the pressure at which oxygen gas stored at 20°C would have the same density as the oxygen gas provided by KO2. The density of KO2 at 20°Cis2.15g/cm ... 

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