Cells spreadsheet

Use of passwords for cells, spreadsheets, and/or a combination of spreadsheets (Note A printout of the spreadsheet showing the protection of cells should be made)... 

Once entered into a spreadsheet, data can be manipulated column at a time. For example, let us take the top cells in Table 1-3 as cells A3 and B3 (columns A and B, line 3 in Table 1-3) containing 5 and 0.305 to avoid dividing 0 by 0. Using the easycalc option of the tools menu in Excel, divide the contents of B3 by A3 and place the results in cell C3. Now select C3 and the remaining 12 unfilled cells in the column, C3 to Cl 5, and fill down using the mouse. The results of the calculation of Cp/T appear for all remaining cells in the C column. 

Note that different spreadsheets and different versions of the same spreadsheet vary in the details of the calculation but that the basic idea for all is to cany out the calculation for the top cell and fill in the remaining cells in the same column with the mouse—a very convenient technique for simple calculations on large data sets. Consult the Help section of your spreadsheet for specific details. 

Let us solve the problem using 6 nodes, or 5 intervals. Then the connection between the cell in the spreadsheet and the nodal value is shown in Fig. 3-51. The following equations are placed into the various cells. 

The equation in cell B1 is copied into cells Cl though El. Then turn on the iteration scheme in the spreadsheet and watch the solution converge. Whether or not convergence is achieved can depend on how you write the equations, so some experimentation may be necessary. Theorems for convergence of the successive substitution method are useful in this regard. 

Validation also applies to software. In a simple example, you could create an Excel spreadsheet template with fixed formulae to calculate the mean and standard deviation of a range of data. To validate this template you would enter a set of sample data and verify the template-calculated results against the manually calculated results. In order to be confident that the template could be used for further data sets you would password-protect the cell formulae and verify that they cannot be altered without it. 

All formulas are to be written out by hand with the specific numbers in the right places on a sheet provided for the purpose, and the calculations are to be done by calculator. Caution Write the numbers exactly as printed, do not round any digits, or the quality assurance unit (a sort of corporate vice squad) will not approve the report out of fear that someone could have cheated. A validated program can be used. While an Excel spreadsheet as such needs no validation, a simple cell-formula calls for extensive tests and documentation and proof that the sheet is password protected against fraudulent manipulation. On top of that, the analyst s supervisor is required to confirm the calculation and sign off on... 

Instructions) and (Import Data from Excel) allow a portion of an Excel spreadsheet to be copied into a SMAC-data file the necessary steps are as follows (1) open the Excel file, mark the range to be copied and press [Copy] (2) open DATA and create a new or open an existing data file (3) select (Input Data) (Import Data from Excel) and position the cursor on an appropriate cell, e.g. cell (1,1). The imported data replaces any data that was in that cell range. If the imported cell range needs more columns or rows than are presently available, the data array is correspondingly increased in size. Headers and dimensions can be added later. 

A Microsoft Excel (Version 5.0 or higher) spreadsheet template form has been developed which allows the calculation of the complete reaction mass efficiency (RME) according to equation (4.1) and raw material cost (RMC) for any chemical transformation. Lines are numbered and line instructions are embedded in the same manner as a personal income tax form. Green metrics are evaluated to determine the greermess of the experiment in a rigorous quantitative way and to determine the bottom line cost of carrying out the experiment. Formula entries are inserted in appropriate cells to facilitate computation. Any... 

The construction of the problem table to find the minimum utility requirement and the pinch temperature is facilitated by using a spreadsheet. The calculations in each cell are repetitive and the formula can be copied from cell to cell using the cell copy commands. 

Most proprietary spreadsheets include a routine for the inversion of matrices and the solution of sets of linear simultaneous equations. By using cell references, with cell copying and cell pointing, it is a simple procedure to set up the split fraction matrices... 

An ANN is an array of three or more interconnected layers of cells called nodes (much like columns of cells in a spreadsheet). Data are introduced to the ANN through the nodes of the input layer. For instance, each input layer node can contain the relative intensity of one of the m/z values from a bacterial pyrolysis mass spectrum. The output layer nodes can be assigned to iden-... 

Modeling offers a spreadsheet-like capability, which permits the integration of several different spreadsheets and the inclusion of general data manipulation commands in cells. 

Use a spreadsheet program to determine the location of a ground isopleth for a plume. The spreadsheet should have specific cell inputs for release rate (g/s), release height (m), spatial increment (m), wind speed (m/s), molecular weight of the released material, temperature (K), pressure (atm), and isopleth concentration (ppm). 

The spreadsheet should also have cells providing the downwind distance, the total area of the plume, and the maximum width of the plume, all based on the isopleth values. 

For your spreadsheet construction, we suggest that you set up the cells to move with the puff center. Otherwise, you will need a large number of cells. 

Your spreadsheet output should have designated columns for the distance from the fireball center, radiation intensity, probit values, and percentage and number of fatalities. You should also have a single designated spreadsheet cell providing the total number of fatalities. 

Another type of widely used modeling system is the spreadsheet solver. Microsoft Excel contains a module called the Excel Solver, which allows the user to enter the decision variables, constraints, and objective of an optimization problem into the cells of a spreadsheet and then invoke an LP, MILP, or NLP solver. Other spreadsheets contain similar solvers. For examples using the Excel Solver, see Section 7.8, and Chapters 8 and 9. 

The Excel Solver. Microsoft Excel, beginning with version 3.0 in 1991, incorporates an NLP solver that operates on the values and formulas of a spreadsheet model. Versions 4.0 and later include an LP solver and mixed-integer programming (MIP) capability for both linear and nonlinear problems. The user specifies a set of cell addresses to be independently adjusted (the decision variables), a set of formula cells whose values are to be constrained (the constraints), and a formula cell designated as the optimization objective. The solver uses the spreadsheet interpreter to evaluate the constraint and objective functions, and approximates derivatives, using finite differences. The NLP solution engine for the Excel Solver is GRG2 (see Section 8.7). 

Figure 6.17 shows a model of a spreadsheet together with a dictionary interpreting the meaning of the pieces in the model. A spreadsheet is a matrix of named cells, into each of which the user can type either a number or a formula. In this simplified example, a formula can be only the sum of two other chosen cells (themselves either sum or number cells). 

The model shows exactly what is expected of a spreadsheet that it maintain the arithmetic relationships between the cells no matter how they are altered. In particular, the invariant Sum ... says that the value of every Sum cell is always the addition of its two operands. 

Spreadsheet Each instance is a collection of interrelated Cells. 

I represent the Spreadsheet whose Cells are all the abstractions that my Cell Is represent... 

The next thing my code reviewer notices is that nowhere is there a function setSum(C ell, C elJ jl explain that I have decided to refine this action to a finer-grained series of interactions between the user and the spreadsheet (see Figure 6.19 earlier). To set a cell to be the sum of two others as per requirement, the user performs this scenario ... 

In our spreadsheet, we glossed over something of this nature. We originally said that the user first selects a cell and then performs a setAddition operation to identify the first operand. In other words, select(C ell l)ets some current f ocusattribute of the spreadsheet as a whole and setAddition s postcondition should properly have been written in terms of current f ocus... 

We can take the action refinement even further. How is a setAddition performed By typing = and clicking in a cell. For that we need an addition to the model to record that after the =, we re now in the identify C effor adding state and to map mouse coordinates to C etl Yes, finally, we ve gotten down to something that uses the graphical layout of the spreadsheet. 

We refine the actions down from the highest-level business abstractions but not down to individual keystrokes or electrical pulses. We refine actions to the point where they make sense as individual actions on the objects we have chosen for our design—if you like, to the same conceptual layer as our design. Make a spreadsheet is too abstract for our design click mouse at (x,y) is too detailed but setNumber(n) makes sense as a message to one of our cells. 

In the case of the spreadsheet, a considerable GUI will be required to display the spreadsheet, to translate mouse operations into the specified incoming messages, and to direct them to the appropriate cells. 

Pattern 6.3, Orthogonal Abstractions and Refinement Sometimes the most dramatic simplifications and flexibility come by adopting a whole new view of domain terms (e.g., spreadsheets, cells, and formulas can support accounting, inventory tracking, and baseball scores). 

The first APIs were sets of functions that an external component could invoke. If there was ary notion of an object receiving the function calls, it was the entire running executable itself. But the most recent developments in this field have put the executable program into the background (see Figure 10.2). The objects are the spreadsheet cells, the paragraphs in the document, the points on the graph the application software is only the context in which those objects execute. The component architecture determines what kinds of object interactions are allowed. 

Clearly, the granularity of components became much finer with object technology. No longer was it only the spreadsheet interacting with the database now it was the sheets and cells that were connected to the columns and rows in the database, generating paragraphs and tables in the word processor. These relatively dynamic objects connect to other objects, regardless of the applications within which they exist. 

Spreadsheets (each cell may be the target of formulas in several other cells)... 

It is often desirable to have one object continually kept up-to-date as another s state changes. Examples include GUI and other fagades. replicated database entries, and cells in a spreadsheet. 

Type in the data for the standard curve in the A and B spreadsheet columns. Use the A column for the concentrations and the B column for the corresponding instrument readout values. For the unknowns and control, type in the instrument readout values in the B column cells, but leave the concentration cells blank. When finished, the A and B columns should appear as in Table 6.1, in which there are four standards with concentrations of 1,2, 3, and 4 ppm, two unknowns, and one control. 

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