Candida lipolytica

Another microbial polysaccharide-based emulsifier is Hposan, produced by the yeast Candida lipolytica when grown on hydrocarbons (223). Liposan is apparentiy induced by certain water-immiscible hydrocarbons. It is composed of approximately 83% polysaccharide and 17% protein (224). The polysaccharide portion consists of D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid. The presence of fatty acyl groups has not been demonstrated the protein portion may confer some hydrophobic properties on the complex. 

Mutation. For industrial appHcations, mutations are induced by x-rays, uv irradiation or chemicals (iiitrosoguanidine, EMS, MMS, etc). Mutant selections based on amino acid or nucleotide base analogue resistance or treatment with Nystatin or 2-deoxyglucose to select auxotrophs or temperature-sensitive mutations are easily carried out. Examples of useful mutants are strains of Candida membranefaciens, which produce L-threonine Hansenu/a anomala, which produces tryptophan or strains of Candida lipolytica that produce citric acid. An auxotrophic mutant of S. cerevisiae that requires leucine for growth has been produced for use in wine fermentations (see also Wine). This yeast produces only minimal quantities of isoamyl alcohol, a fusel oil fraction derived from leucine by the Ehrlich reaction (10,11). A mutant strain of bakers yeast with cold-sensitive metaboHsm shows increased stabiUty and has been marketed in Japan for use in doughs stored in the refrigerator (12). 

Both alkanes and gas oil can be used as carbon and energy sources. Commercially, Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica have been used (35,36). The fermentation contains two immiscible Hquid phases (the alkane and the water) the semisoHd yeast and the gaseous air phase. In contrast to yeasts grown on carbohydrates, where maximum yields are 50%, yeasts grown on alkanes generally give yields of 95—105% based on the weight of the alkane. 

The resolving of a variety of a-substituted carboxyHc acid esters by a previously undescribed enzyme, Candida lipolytica esterase, has been reported (64). a-Methyl-a-amino (49) and a-methyl-a-hydrazino (48) esters, which function as inhibitors of acid decarboxylase enzymes, are obtained on a multigram scale in optically pure form. 

Processes have been developed to production scale growing yeasts, for feed, on purified Cio -C23 n-alkanes (such n-paraffins being liquid at normal ambient temperatures). A flow diagram of the process producing Candida lipolytica is given in Figure 4.6. 

Cirigliano MC, GM Carman (1984) Isolation of a bioemulsifier from Candida lipolytica. Appl Environ Microbiol 48 747-750. 

The conversion of long-chain alkanoate CoA esters into the alkenoate CoA esters by acyl-CoA oxidase involves an anti elimination reaction. The stereochemistry of the reaction in Candida lipolytica was established using stearoyl-CoA-labeled with H at the 2 R)-, 3(R)-, and 3(5)-positions (Kawaguchi et al. 1980). 

Ludvik, J., Munk, Y. and Dostalek, M. (1968). Ultrastructural changes in the yeast Candida lipolytica caused by penetration of hydrocarbons into the cell, Experientia, 24, 1066-1068. 

Biological. Reported biodegradation products include 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate, 2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate, 2-oxopenta-4-enoate, phenylpyruvic acid (quoted, Verschueren, 1983), 2-hydroxy-biphenyl, 4-hydroxybiphenyl, and 4,4 -dihydroxybiphenyl (Smith and Rosazza, 1974). The microbe Candida lipolytica degraded biphenyl into the following products 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxy-biphenyl, 4,4 -dihydroxybiphenyl, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybiphenyl (Cerniglia and Crow, 1981). 

Ring opening of 6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2iT-pyran-2-carboxylic acid or the corresponding tetrahydropyran by Candida lipolytica is a practical route to lysine (69FRP2041497). 

Candida lipolytica),21 has now been obtained from a higher plant, Strobilanthes... 

A highly effective method has been proposed for the synthesis of 6,12-dihydro-6,12-dioxoindolo[2,l-h]-quinazoline (179) - the alkaloid couropitine A (from the tropical tree Couropita guianensis), having the same structure as the antibiotic tryptanthrin (from the yeast Candida lipolytica Hegolus), by the reaction of isatin with phosphorus oxychloride followed by treatment of the reaction mixture with ice [198] ... 

PROP Derived from Candida lipolytica Fam. Cryptococcaceae. 

Yeast cells (Candida lipolytica) can convert n-paraffins to SCR The process developed by BP uses a continuous stirred tank reactor under sterile conditions. The SCP is harvested by centrifugation and then spray-dried. The mass balance equation (Eq. 9.4) shows that less heat is generated and that a little less oxygen is needed than for the methane process. 

Fig, 3,5 Oxidative degradation ofricinoleic acid by Candida lipolytica [40]... 

Stiles, B.A., Duffy, S., and Schaffner, D. 2002. Modelling yeast spoilage on cold filled ready to drink beverages with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Candida lipolytica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 1901-1906. 

Citric acid can be produced in high productivity and high yield by fermentation of simple sugars mainly by the mycelial fungus, Aspergillus niger, although some processes use the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (Candida lipolytica or Saccharomycopsis lipolytica) with n-alkane as the substrate. 

Fig- 5 The resolution of (R,S)-ethyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate with the esterase from Candida lipolytica. 

---