Event Example

P(spill or arson) = P(spill) + P(arson) - P(spill and arson) 

P(spill or arson) = (108/250) + (12/250) - (0) =. 48 or 48% chance of having a fire due to an accidental spill of a flammable chemical or arson as the primary cause. The consultant can then compare these fire probabilities to what is expected from past records to determine if there are significant differences. Such significant differences could indicate potential areas of concern. 

In a conditional probability, some condition or restriction is placed upon the sample. (Witte and Witte 1997, 193-94). This results in a smaller, more specific subset of the sample from which the safety manager can calculate more accurate probabilities. Using the vehicle accident presented earlier, a conditional probability could be formulated as follows given the fact that an accident occurred involving a Smith Semi, what is the probability that the driver had less than 5 years of experience The population in this example is narrowed from all vehicle accidents down to only those accidents involving Smith Semis. Within this specific subset, the probability of a driver having less than 5 years of experience is determined. 

In conditional probabilities, the symbol is shorthand for the phrase given the fact. A conditional probability of P(A B) is read as the probability of A, given the fact that B has occurred. The formula for calculating a conditional probability is (Witte and Witte 1997,193-94)  

In the motor vehicle accident example, the probability of having a driver with less than 5 years of experience given the fact that a Smith Semi was involved in the accident is  

---

The initial incident report is very important. This document captures the initiator s firsthand knowledge of what occurred in the moments after the specific event. Example 5-2, Sample Toller Initial Incident Report, is an example of the data that should be documented as soon as possible. Note that it should be modified using the company s management system procedure and incident investigation procedure, which should describe the type of data needed, and level of detail desired. 

Mitigative risk-reduction measures include system designs or procedures that help limit the magnitude or severity of an event. Examples are ... 

Before the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, emergency incidents were primarily or generally thought to be caused by natural or accidental events. Examples of natural phenomena (events) include wildfires, flash floods, earthquakes, active volcanoes, droughts, and storms. These natural events are not entirely predictable, and they cannot yet be controlled or prevented (Meyer 2004). 

There are two main types of quantitative data discrete and continuous. Discrete quantitative data usually come about by the counting of numbers of events. Examples of this form of data are the number of asthma attacks, the numbers of rescue tablets taken, the number of relapse events, etc. There are two types of continuous quantitative data defined by, whether there is a true zero point of the scale or not. If there is such a zero point the scale is a ratio scale, otherwise it is an interval scale. Examples of the former are height, weight or volume, etc, while a typical example of the latter is temperature in which the origin is essentially arbitrary - 0°F is... 

The interaction of keV particles with solids has been characterized by the measurement of the angle and energy distribution of sputtered secondary ions and neutrals. The results are compared to classical dynamics calculations of the ion impact event. Examples using secondary ions are given for clean Ni 001), Cu 001) reacted with 0>, Ni 001 and Ni 7 9 11 reacted with CO, and Agllll) reacted with benzene. The neutral Rh atoms desorbed from Rh 001 are characterized by multiphoton resonance ionizaton of these atoms after they have left the surface. 

When eq. (6.4.3) is examined more closely, it is seen that, the division by h, the group order, makes the equation untenable for groups with an infinite order, namely, Coov and 7>lCOh. Fortunately, in most cases the decomposition of a reducible representation for such groups can be achieved by inspection. Also, a work-around method is available in the literature (see references 19 and 20 listed at the end of the chapter). In any event, examples will be given later. 

TYPE OF EVENT EXAMPLES ORGANIZATION S ENVIRONMENT OF CARE... 

The purpose of this section is to define the various parameters that are measured by DSC. The types of thermal events, exothermic or endothermic, that can be measured by DSC are reported in Table 1. The following sections will describe some of the more fundamental thermal events. Examples from the pharmaceutical field will be given to illustrate the techniques. The examples will be based on either single components such as drug substance and bulk excipients or on a mixture of components such as physical blends of drugs and excipients, solid dispersions, formulated drugs after granulation, and/or compression. 

The types of tandem mass spectrometers capable of performing MS/MS experiments fall into two basic categories tandem in space and tandem in time. Tandem-in-space instruments have discrete mass analyzers for each stage of mass spectrometry examples include multisector, triple-quadru-pole, and hybrid instruments (instruments having mixed types of analyzers such as a magnetic sector and a quadrupole). Tandem-in-time instruments have only one mass analyzer where each stage of mass spectrometry takes place in the same analyzer but is separated in time via a sequence of events. Examples of this type of instrument include Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers and quadrupole ion traps, described in Chapter 3. 

Latent failures—conditions present in the system for some time before the incident, but evident only when triggered by unusual states or events. Examples include equipment design deficiencies, unexpected configurations of munitions, or routine ignoring of standard operating procedures. 

FIGURE 11.1 Vegetation removal due to various stressors during a single training, testing, or range maintenance event. Example relative extents of disturbance and uncertainties of spatial disturbance pattern of many of these stressors are depicted. 

References to the Audience and Local Situations. Refer to events, examples, and statistics that are relevant to the audience. 

A safeguard is a device that either reduces the likelihood of an event occurring or minimizes the consequences of that event. Examples of safeguards are ... 

People possessing technical skills you may need during the event. Examples include someone from your systems department if the team is focused on a paper flow process or a maintenance technician if you think you might have to move or relocate equipment or power lines during a shop floor event. 

A catastrophic event in general (or catastrophe) is an event that has severe losses, injury, or property damage affects large population of exposures and is caused by natural or handmade events. Examples of catastrophic events include natural disasters (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods) and terrorist attacks. The last 20 years, natural catastrophes have been happening with increasing intensity. 

The emphasis here is to ensure/validate that the crew can interact with the eqnipment during normal operation and during responses to failures. We thus need to vahdate that the crew can mitigate failures (through recovery and control actions) and understand how the system responds if the crew cause an initiating event. Examples of human errors that can be modelled include [NASA Fault Tree Handbook, paragraph 5.3] ... 

Figure 15-2 Top event examples. The wording and configuration of the top event determines the nature of the analysis and deserves careful attention. There are usually several acceptable ways to depict the same information.

Then one must apply Boolean algebra to each logic gate to determine the probability of each intermediate event. Ultimately, the analysis calculates the probability for the top event. Example 36-1 illustrates the fundamentals of this process for the fault tree shown in Figure 36-5. 

Many spectroscopic investigations require the observation of fast transient events. Examples are lifetime measurements of excited atomic or molecular states, investigations of collisional relaxation, and studies of fast laser pulses (Chap. 11). Another example is the transient response of molecules when the... 

By better monitoring this spread, we can warn against burner issues (i.e., plugged fuel nozzles), faulty combustors or bad thermocouples within an appropriate period of time. This will reduce the likelihood of deterioration of the combustion system. Figure 8 shows a typical output of the rule for a typical gas turbine, where the exhaust temperatures are plotted on-line. To achieve a reliable rule output, many checks must be performed to prevent false alarms and report a real spread event. Examples of these checks include thermocouple cross-checks to identify faulty sensors and adjacency checks to confirm a real spread, where adjacent thermocouples are compared to the one showing the minimum reading. 

The high-level list of hazardous events derived from the above process was subdivided into events where the frequency or the consequences of each event are significantly different. This process resulted in the definition of 122 hazardous events that form the basis of version 3 of the SRM. There is a separate cause/consequence model for each hazardous event. Examples from the list of hazardous events are presented in Table 1 at the end of the text. 

---