Evaluation of battery performance

It is important to evaluate the performance of a battery, i.e. to determine the characteristics described in Section 10.1, in conditions which relate closely to those where it will be used. Traditional methods would include measurement of capacity, energy density and power density and for secondary batteries the determination of cycle life and energy efficiency during  

A complete test programme must consider many other factors including  

The Leclanch6 cell (Zn/C) has the advantage of cheapness although it can be seen that other primaries have a considerable advantage in terms of performance, particularly the cells with a lithium anode or an air cathode, and the reasons for this can readily be understood. It was noted above that the performance depends on 

Discharge into fixed resistances. This is the test which is least critical of the battery. It is necessary to monitor both voltage and current as a function of time. 

Discharge and charge) at constant currents. This permits simple and direct measurement of capacity, cycle life, etc. 

Discharge and charge) at constant voltages. This method gives the maximum power output directly and allows the determination of the capacity at fixed voltage. 

Discharge at constant wattages. This most closely imitates the duty of many batteries to power instrumentation but it is the most difficult test to carry out it requires complex electronic equipment. For this reason, it is often easier to test the battery with the instrumentation that it is designed to power. 

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Hence in this chapter, battery characteristics and their relationship to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrode reactions and to cell design will first be discussed. Later some battery specifications, the evaluation of battery performance and the design, manufacture and performance of some practical batteries will be described. The discussion will include both batteries presently manufactured and those under development. 

Example of Evaluation of Battery Performance Under Different Modes of Discharge... 

Many consortia and publications have proposed a number of standard drives to evaluate battery performance. Schedules such as the Federal Urban Drive Schedule (FUDS), the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), and the Dynamic Stress Test (DST) are used as yardsticks of performance on a comparative basis. As metrics for fuel economy or other corporate standards, they may be appropriate but these should not generally be used as the real-world test of battery performance. Where performance is to be measured, it is recommended here that a Kochis Stress Test (KST) be used, which is a test philosophy that states that the maximum loads (charge and discharge) that will be used in the vehicle should be used to establish performance traits. This implies two points (i) the test should be demonstrated and calibrated in a vehicle that is the intended application (ii) if vehicle calibrations are changed, the effect on battery performance must be re-evaluated. 

Ultra low-frequency (below 1 mHz) behavior of batteries is of principal importance for evaluation of their performance, as batteries are mostly used in devices with constant or slightly variable load. Unfortunately, low-frequency impedance meas-uranents take a long time and can be often distorted by system change during the measurement as well as by voltage drift inherent in the components of the meas-... 

Marketing forecasts for batteries have been compiled from the Annual Reports published by several battery companies. Information based on the trade journals and investor s brochures, which surveyed and evaluated the present and future global distribution of battery types, was collected. Points of interest were the availability of batteries and their performance/cost ratios, but also geographical usage in connection with social considerations, such as per-... 

The above comparative evaluation of starter battery separators refers to moderate ambient temperatures the standard battery tests arc performed at 40 or 50 °C. What happens, however, on going to significantly higher temperatures, such as 60 or 75 °C This question cannot be answered without considering the alloys used batteries with antimonial alloys show a water consumption that rises steeply with increasing temperature [40], leaving as the only possibilities for such applications either the hybrid construction, i.c., positive electrode with low-antimony alloy, negative electrode lead-calcium, or even both... 

Two different test batteries, the World Health Organization (WHO) Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery and the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES), are currently the most widely used test batteries in occupational behavioral toxicology studies. Both include components of the WAIS described previously in addition to other psychometric tests of behavioral function. The WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery is a pencil and paper-administered test battery, whereas the NES is a computerized test battery that has been translated into several languages and in fact presents a more extensive set of tests than does the WHO in that it includes tests of psychomotor performance, cognition, memory and learning, and perceptual ability and affect. 

Ethanol is a widely used and often abused chemical substance. Consequently the measurement of ethanol is one of the more frequently performed tests in the toxicology laboratory. Although less frequently encountered, it is important to include methanol, isopropanol, and acetone (a metabolite of isopropanol) in a test battery for alcohols for proper evaluation of the acutely intoxicated patient. 

Kirkland, D., Aardema, M., Muller, L., and Makoto, H. (2006). Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens II. Further analysis of mammalian cell results, relative predictivity and tumour profiles. Mutat Res 608, 29—12. Kirkland, D., Kasper, R, Muller, L., Corvi, R., and Speit, G. (2008). Recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests A follow-up to an ECVAM workshop. Mutat Res 653, 99-108. 

In the early 1950s, the United States National Bureau of Standards evaluated a battery electrolyte additive which contained sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The manufacturer s claim was that the additive could restore the performance of... 

Potvin and associates [Potvin andTourtellotte, 1975 Potvinetal., 1985],nowledbyKondraskeetal. [1984, 1988], have developed what is by far the most comprehensive battery of tests available for quantitative evaluation of neurologic function covering a number of sensory, motor, cognitive, and sensory-motor functions or performance resources. Similarly, Jones et al. [1989, 1993] have developed a battery of compoMent function tests, most of which have been specifically designed to isolate and quantify the various performance resources involved in their tracking tasks. There is, therefore, a close resemblance between the component and tracking tests so as to maximize the validity of comparisons made between them. 

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