Battery performance evaluation

Many consortia and publications have proposed a number of standard drives to evaluate battery performance. Schedules such as the Federal Urban Drive Schedule (FUDS), the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), and the Dynamic Stress Test (DST) are used as yardsticks of performance on a comparative basis. As metrics for fuel economy or other corporate standards, they may be appropriate but these should not generally be used as the real-world test of battery performance. Where performance is to be measured, it is recommended here that a Kochis Stress Test (KST) be used, which is a test philosophy that states that the maximum loads (charge and discharge) that will be used in the vehicle should be used to establish performance traits. This implies two points (i) the test should be demonstrated and calibrated in a vehicle that is the intended application (ii) if vehicle calibrations are changed, the effect on battery performance must be re-evaluated. 

Hence in this chapter, battery characteristics and their relationship to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the electrode reactions and to cell design will first be discussed. Later some battery specifications, the evaluation of battery performance and the design, manufacture and performance of some practical batteries will be described. The discussion will include both batteries presently manufactured and those under development. 

ABSL has had great success proving its small-cell approach with universal adoption across the industry and across all mission types. ABSL continue to evaluate, test and qualify the next generation of cells improving on the overall battery performance as they work to serve the industry demand for larger and higher voltage batteries. 

An advanced battery analyzer evaluates the condition of each battery and implements the appropriate service to restore its performance. A recondition cycle is applied automatically if a user-selected capacity level cannot be reached. Battery chemistry and voltage and current rates are user programmable. These parameters are stored in interchangeable cups and configure the analyzer to the correct function when installed. 

In terms of their performance evaluation, lilhinm-ion batteries nsed in Spirit and Opportunity rovers have far exceeded their mission objectives. Some power system challenges that became apparent dnring the operation of the twin MER rovers were related to the martian dnst coating the solar panels, so that they became inefficient in recharging the batteries. Occasionally, dnst wonld be blown away and the recharging process conld resume but this environmental factor introduced another variable on the already complex mission. The fntnre power systems for Mars surface vehicles would require modifications to the principal power source in order to gain more independence from the environmental conditions. 

In the meantime, new designs of lithium batteries were developed, tested, and evaluated, and newly developed batteries demonstrated significant improvement in battery performance parameters, including energy density, shelf life, longevity, reliability, and consistent electrical performance under high and low operating temperatures with no evidence of failure mechanisms. 

This bipolar Ag-MH rechargeable battery consists of positive and negative electrodes, a positive contact face, a separator, and an insulating border seal. Essentially, the Ag-MH battery uses a wafer cell and a conductive plastic film as the cell face [4]. The wafer cell was developed around 1991 by Electro Energy, Inc. (EEI), Danbury, Connecticut, and the performance evaluation was first reported by Eagle-Picher Industries, in Joplin, Missouri, in 1992. 

Example of Evaluation of Battery Performance Under Different Modes of Discharge... 

Both the Leclanche and zine-ehloride batteries have performance eharaeteristies that show advantages in specific applications, but poor performance in others. A variety of faetors influence battery performance (see Chap. 3). It is necessary to evaluate speeifies about the application (discharge conditions, cost, weight, etc.) in order to make a proper selection of a battery. Many manufacturers provide data for this purpose. 

Table 1 presents the characteristics of several lithium-ion batteries in various stages of development. These batteries promise markedly different levels of performance for the various criteria for which batteries are evaluated for the HEV and PHEV applications. 

The third stage is the operational phase. In this stage, cells of unknown state, whether new or old, are evaluated. The equations deduced in the first and second stages are used and future battery performance is predicted for evaluation. However, assump-... 

Marketing forecasts for batteries have been compiled from the Annual Reports published by several battery companies. Information based on the trade journals and investor s brochures, which surveyed and evaluated the present and future global distribution of battery types, was collected. Points of interest were the availability of batteries and their performance/cost ratios, but also geographical usage in connection with social considerations, such as per-... 

The individual starter battery separator systems have been described here they are evaluated comparatively. There are no standards for evaluating separators Therefore the comparison will be concentrated primarily on the effects on the performance of the starter battery, with other decisive criteria such as cost structure and effects on productivity indicated. 

The above comparative evaluation of starter battery separators refers to moderate ambient temperatures the standard battery tests arc performed at 40 or 50 °C. What happens, however, on going to significantly higher temperatures, such as 60 or 75 °C This question cannot be answered without considering the alloys used batteries with antimonial alloys show a water consumption that rises steeply with increasing temperature [40], leaving as the only possibilities for such applications either the hybrid construction, i.c., positive electrode with low-antimony alloy, negative electrode lead-calcium, or even both... 

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