ECVAM workshop

Netzeva TI, Worth AP, Aldenberg T, Benigni R, Cronin MTD, Gramatica P et al. Current status of methods for defining the applicability domain of (quantitative) structure-activity relationships. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 52. ATLA 2005 33 152-73. 

Le Ferrec E, Chesne C, Artursson P, Brayden D, Fabre G, Gires P, Guillou F, Rousset M, Rubas W, Scarino ML (2001) In vitro models of the intestinal barrier. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 46. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative methods. Altern Lab Anim 29 649-668. 

Prieto, P., A.W. Baird, B.J. Blaauboer, J.V. Castell Ripoll, et al. 2006. The assessment of repeated dose toxicity in vitro A proposed approach. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 56. ATLA 34 315-341. 

Rovida, C. and van de Sandt, J. (2007) Skin sensitisation and epidermal disposition the relevance of epidermal disposition for sensitisation hazard identification and risk assessment. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 59. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 35, 137-154. 

J.P., Meade, B.J., Pallardy, M., Rougier, N., Rousset, F., Rubinstenn, G., Sallusto, F., Verheyen, G.R. and Zuang, V. (2005) Dendritic cells as a tool for the predictive identification of skin sensitisation hazard. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 51. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 33, 47-62. 

Spielmann, H., Lowell, W.W., Holzle, E. et at (1994) In vitro phototoxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 2. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 22, 314—348. 

J. M., Rovida, C., Sakaguchi, H. and Schultz, T, (2008) Chemical reactivity measurement and the predicitve identification of skin sensitisers. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 64. Altern. Lab. Anim., 36 (2), 215-242. 

One key issue is the requirement for animal testing. The report and recommendations of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) workshop (Leahy et al., 1997) clearly state that a major priority is to reduce the number of animals used in pharmacokinetic studies in drug development. As much information as possible should be obtained from alternative sources, such as computer modeling or using data already generated for similar compounds. 

Barratt, M.D., Quantitative structure-activity relationships for skin corrosivity appendix A to the report of ECVAM Workshop 6, Alt. Lab. Anim. (ATLA), 23, 219-255, 1995. 

Howes, D., R. Gny, J. Hadgraft, J. Heyhngs, U. Hoeck, F. Kemper, H. Maibach, J.P. Marty, H. Merk, J. Parra, D. Rekkas, I. Rondelh, H. Schaefer, U. Tauber and N. Verbiese (1996). Methods for assessing percutaneous absorption. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 13, ATLA, 24, 81-106. 

Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer BJ, et al. Metabolism A bottleneck in in vitro toxicological test development. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 54. Altern Lab Anim. 2006 34(l) 49-84. 

Spielmann H, Seiler A, Bremer S, et al. The practical application of three validated in vitro embryotoxicity tests - The Report and Recommendations of an ECVAM/ ZEBET Workshop (ECVAM Workshop 57). ATLA. 2006 34(5) 527-538. 

Lambre CR, Aufderheide M, Bolton RE, et al. (1996) Authors In Vitro Tests for Respiratory Toxicity. The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 18. European Commission, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). (Reprinted with minor amendments from ATLA 24 671-681.)... 

Dearden JC, et al. The development and validation of expert systems for predicting toxicity The report and recommendations of an ECVAM/ECB workshop (ECVAM Workshop 24). ATLA 1997 25 223-52. 

Phototoxicity or chemical phototoxicity is the term used for an acute reaction that can be induced by a single treatment with a chemical and UV or visible radiation. The basic mechanism of phototoxicity can be described as an increase in toxicity of a chemical induced by exposure to UV or visible radiation. Therefore the phototoxic potential of a chemical can be measured as an increase in cytotoxicity after exposure to UV or visible light. The 3T3 NRU PT test is a validated and robust in vitro phototoxicity test according to the criteria laid down by the ECVAM Workshop on practical aspects of the validation of toxicity test procedures and the conclusion of the ECVAM/COLIPA validation study [72], Owing to the convincing performance of the 3T3 NRU PT test, the test is now established and in use in industry laboratories to screen... 

Prieto P, Blaauboer BJ, de Boer AG, Boveri M, Cecchelli R, Clemedson C, Coecke S, Forsby A, Galla HJ, Garberg P, Greenwood J, Price A, Tahti H (2004) Blood-brain barrier in vitro models and their application in toxicology. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 49. Altern Lab Anim 32(l) 37-50... 

Balls M, Berg N, Bruner LH, Curren R, deSilva O, Earl LK, Esdaile DJ, Fentem JH, Liebsch M, Ohno Y, Prinsen MK, Spielmann H, Worth AP (1999) Eye irritation testing the way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 34. ATLA 27 53-77... 

Gennari A, Ban M, Braun A, Casati S, Corsini E, Dastych J et al (2005) The use of in vitro systems for evaluating immunotoxicity the report and recommendations of an ECVAM Workshop. J Immunotoxicol 2 61-83... 

Hartung T, Aaberge I, Berthold S, Carlin G, Charton E, Coecke S et al (2001) Novel pyrogen tests based on the human fever reaction. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 43. Altern Lab Anim 29 99-123... 

Gennari A, van den Berghe C, Casati S, Castell J, Clemedson C, Coecke S et al (2004) Strategies to replace in vivo acute systemic toxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 50. Altern Lab Anim 32 437 59... 

Kirkland D, Pfuhler S, Tweats D, Aardema M, Corvi R et al (2007) How to reduce false positive results when undertaking in vitro genotoxicity testing and thus avoid unnecessary follow-up animal tests Report of an ECVAM Workshop. Mutat Res 628 31-55... 

Kirkland, D., Aardema, M., Muller, L., and Makoto, H. (2006). Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens II. Further analysis of mammalian cell results, relative predictivity and tumour profiles. Mutat Res 608, 29—12. Kirkland, D., Kasper, R, Muller, L., Corvi, R., and Speit, G. (2008). Recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests A follow-up to an ECVAM workshop. Mutat Res 653, 99-108. 

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