Additives battery electrolytes

Quaternary Salts. Herbicides paraquat (20) and diquat (59) are the quaternary salts of 4,4 -bipyridine (19) and 2,2 -bipyridine with methyl chloride and 1,2-dibromoethane, respectively. Higher alkylpyridinium salts are used in the textile industry as dye ancillaries and spin bath additives. The higher alkylpyridinium salt, hexadecylpytidinium chloride [123-03-5] (67) (cetylpyridinium chloride) is a topical antiseptic. Amprolium (62), a quaternary salt of a-picohne (2), is a coccidiostat. Bisaryl salts of butylpyridinium bromide (or its lower 1-alkyl homologues) with aluminum chloride have been used as battery electrolytes (84), in aluminum electroplating baths (85), as Friedel-Crafts catalysts (86), and for the formylation of toluene by carbon monoxide (87) (see QuaternaryAA ONiUM compounds). 

Feserve battey is a primary battery that is stored dry to improve the shelf life of the cell or battery and activated just before use by addition of electrolyte. 

The characteristics for aqueous KOH (97—99) solutions vary somewhat for battery electrolytes when additives are used. Furthermore, potassium hydroxide reacts with many organics and with the carbon dioxide in air to form carbonates. The build-up of carbonates in the electrolyte is to be avoided because carbonates reduce electrolyte conductivity and electrode activity in some cases. 

Films on lithium play an important part in secondary lithium metal batteries. Electrolytes, electrolyte additives, and lithium surface treatments modify the lithium surface and change the morphology of the lithium and its current efficiency [93],... 

A 0.2 mol L"1 LiCl/THF solution possesses only very low conductivity of 1.6xl0"6 Scm"1. Addition of N(CH2 CH2NR2)3(R = CF3S02 short nomenclature M6R) yields an increase in conductivity by three orders of magnitude to 1.7 x 10 3 S cm"1. This approach is seemingly especially useful for battery electrolytes, because the transference number of the lithium ion is increased. Conceptually this approach is similar to the use of lith-... 

In the early 1950s, the United States National Bureau of Standards evaluated a battery electrolyte additive which contained sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. The manufacturer s claim was that the additive could restore the performance of... 

An example of polymer additive to electrolyte is FORAFAC 1033D (polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid). Addition of FORAFAC 1033D in a concentration of 0.1 wt% to the electrolyte immobilized in AGM VRLA batteries leads to a major improvement of battery cycle life [49]. Standby batteries containing FORAFAC have improved their service bfe by a factor of 1.5, suffering smaller water loss and reduced self-discharge. 

PON 13b] PONROUCH A, Go5lI A.R., Palacin M.R., High capacity hard carbon anodes for sodium ion batteries in additive free electrolyte . Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 27, pp. 85-88, 2013. 

Simpler phosphazene trimers have been studied as additives in cathodes formed from LiCOi/3Nii/3Mni/302. Phosphazenes, formed with either methoxy or ethoxy groups, was found to impart improved flame retardance and overall cell performance. Other work employed mono- and di-aryloxy substitituted fluorocyclotriphosphazenes to improve the flame retardance of the lithium-ion battery electrolytes. The phosphazene additives were found to increase the flame resistance of an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate electrolyte however increases in viscosity were observed that resulted in a lower discharge capacity. 

Uses Buffer mfg. of lithium stearate and other lithium soaps lubricating greases carbon dioxide absorbent (for submarines and space vehicles) esterification catalyst photographic developer stabilizer source of Li-6 isotope (used in prod, of tritium) in alkaline batteries (electrolyte additive) corrosion inhibitor in steam boilers dispersant in water-based alkyd paints leather ceramics buffer in cosmetics hair waving or straightening... 

In order to enhance the air electrode capacity, it was suggested to introduce certain additives into electrolyte that would enhance solubility of Li202 because of complexation. An example of such an additive is tris-(pentafluorophenyl)-borane (TPFPB). However, such additives reduce oxygen solubility in electrolyte and enhance the overpotential of the anodic process under battery charging. 

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of new lithium salts has been a core component of electrolyte research for the past three decades. Upon the commerciahzation of Li-ion batteries with a graphite anode, LiPF became the dominant salt for lithinm battery electrolytes. But the advent of new electrodes/ cell chemistries (e.g., Si alloy anodes, high-voltage cathodes, Li-air, Li-S), as well as the need for exceptional battery safety, higher/lower temperature operation, improved durabihty/longer lifetimes, etc., has resulted in the pressing need for new electrolyte formnladons. Lithium salts, either as a substitute for LiPF,5 or as an additive, are one central focus for this electrolyte transformation. 

Other desirable features include low cost and low toxicity. Eailure to meet one or more of these criterions prevents the practical use of a salt in lithium and Li-ion batteries. It is important to note, however, that many of these properties are strongly dependent upon the electrolyte formulation (e.g., solvents used, salt concentration, additives). Thus, electrolyte compositions need to be tailored to specific battery applications/demands. 

M. C. Smart, F. C. Krause, C. Hwang, W. C. West, J. Soler, G. K. S. Prakash, B. V. Ratnakumar, ECS Trans. 2011, 35, 1-11. The evaluation of tiiphenyl phosphate as a flame retardant additive to improve the safety of lithium-ion battery electrolytes. 

H. S. Lee, X. Q. Yang, X. Sun, J. McBreen, . Power Sources 2001,97—98,566-569. Synthesis of a new family of fluorinated boronate compounds as anion receptors and studies of their use as additives in lithium battery electrolytes. 

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