European Union Waste Directive

European Union Waste Framework Directive, 75/442/EEC and Amendment 91/155/EEC. 

European Union, 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives. 

One recycling issue that is important throughout the developed world is what to do with the approximately 300 million TVs and computer monitors that are thrown out each year. The European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive have banned them from being dumped in landfills because the screens contain PbO added to shield against the X-ray radiation released by the high anode voltage. Table 37.9 shows typical compositions of cathode ray tube (CRT) glasses. 

Council of the European Union. 1999. Directive 1999/ il/EC on the landfill of waste. 

The European Union s directive on Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) requires companies selling electronic products in Europe to set up end-of-life collection and recycling systems for these products by August 2005. 

In September 2000, the European Union issued Directive 2000/5 3/EC on recovery and recycling of end-of-life-vehicles (ELV). The objective of the legislation is to preserve scarce material resources by reducing the amount of waste being dumped from end-of-life vehicles into landfill sites. Under the directive, 80% of a vehicle s weight must be recycled or reused in 2006, rising to 85% in 2015. 

European Union (2008). Directive 2008/98/EC of the Eurofjean Parliament and of the Coimcil of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. Official Journal of the European Communities, 51(L312), 3-30 Fernandez, J.F. Chilyumova, E. Waterkamp, D. Thoming, J. (2008). Ionic hquid recovery from aqueous solutions by cross-flow nanofiltration. Proc. 10 World Filtration Congress, Vol. n,. 528-532. 

Directive 2002/96/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (2003) Official Journal ofthe European Union, L37 13/02/2003, 24-39. 

ECHA points out that some materials currently considered as waste might in future be considered to have ceased to be waste [15]. These materials will then be out of the scope of waste legislation, and - if not covered by an exemption - will potentially fall under REACH. Clarification of end-of-waste criteria is a matter for waste legislation. In accordance with the general principle of subsidiarity of the European Union law, and following the revised Waste Framework Directive, Member States may decide case by case whether certain waste has ceased to be waste, where end-of-waste criteria have not been set at Community level. Member States have already worked for use of this regulation, like, e.g., the Waste Quality Protocol in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland [16]. 

Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 of 31 March 2011 establishing criteria determining when certain types of scrap metal cease to be waste under Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union L 92/2, 8.4.2011. http // eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do uri=OJ L 2011 094 0002 0011 EN PDF... 

The European Union passed the Extractive industries waste directive in 2006. The fuii titie of the directive is Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Pariiament and of the Councii on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC ... 

The European Union has been quite visible in recent years with such directives. RoHS (Restriction in the use of Hazardous Substances), WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment), and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical substances). RoHS places restrictions on use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and some polybrominated diphenylethers. WEEE targets responsible recycling of electronic equipment. REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use... 

The three key features of the directive are firstly the promotion of the move away from landfill to more environmentally acceptable alternatives. Secondly, the directive calls for the establishment of European Union wide standards for proper management of landfills. Thirdly, it should result in the discouragement of the transport of waste across frontiers by removing the disparities between the practices and prices relating to landfill in the Member States. 

Directive 259/93 of the European Union It regulates the inport of hazardous waste back to the country of origin, mostly OECD countries. This was actually an instrument to prevent waste tourism , but it is also the most important tool and the legal basis for the re-import of the obsolete pesticide stocks back to Europe... 

Also in February 2003, the European Union enacted the Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (known as the WEEE Directive), calling for manufacturers to take end-of-life responsibility for their products (European Parliament, 2003b). Until August 15, 2005, this directive applies the principle of collective producer responsibility to wastes generated by electrical and electronic products. This principle allows companies to pool monies used for managing their wastes. However, for wastes generated by products manufactured after that date, it applies the principle of individual manufacturer responsibility, with the result... 

In the European Union the aim of legal regulations is to direct waste management towards a sustainable development. Priority is given to prevention before recovery and to recovery before removal. Accordingly, measures have to be planned and accomplished with respect to environmental sustainability and the protection of resources. 

In the EEC Directive of waste movement (259/93) [11], which specifies wastes that are allowed to be translocated within, without and into the European Union, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries or the non-OECD countries, the term ecotoxicity is not mentioned. The term environment, however, is specified whereby it predominantly covers environmentally compatible utilisation and duly removal of waste. Only Article 34 deals with the obligation of the waste producer to take all necessary measures in order to maintain environmental quality in the context of the guidelines 75/442/EEC [14] and 91/689/EEC [12],... 

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