Europe measurements

The environmental PCA concentrations reported in aquatic biota, terrestrial mammals and human milk are shown in Table 5. There is now a growing body of information on PCAs in biota, especially in Canada. In Europe, measurements of PCAs in biota using GC-ECNIMS are limited to Sweden. 

The measuring principle has been kept as simple as possible because the measuring conditions can vary from very comfortable laboratory rooms to an executive plant gasifier where there is no customised room for measurements or measurement apparatus. Also the weather conditions can be challenging, for instance in northern Europe measurements might have to be performed at temperatures under 0 C. 

Reiter, R., R. Sladkovic, and K. Potzl (1976). Chemical components of aerosol particles in the lower troposphere above central Europe measured under pure-air conditions. Atmos. Environ. 10, 841-853. 

Comments Virus is most likely introduced during or directly after spawning. Infected farms experience losses up to 70%. First reported from Europe, measures of control and prevention have been developed and successfully tested by the Dutch. Most notably, virus spreads by attaching itself to mushroom spores which then become airborne. Virus also spreads through the contact of healthy mycelia with diseased mycelia. Afflicted mushrooms are soon exploited by a host of other parasites, making a late and accurate diagnosis of this contaminant difficult. 

The development of a new drug is both a time-consuming and a cost-intensive process. It takes 12 to 15 years and costs up to 800 million to bring a new drug to the market. As measured by the market capitalization, the pharmaceutical companies play a pivotal role in the global economy. In February 2003 Pfizer was ranked at position five worldwide, with a market capitalization of 163 billion. Ranking third as far as the market capitalization in Europe is concerned was GlaxoSmithKline, with a current value of 101 billion. Novartis was number five in Europe with 82 billion. 

Approximately 2.5 million t of viscose process regenerated ceUulose fibers were produced in 1990 (Table 1). Measured by production capacity in 1990, the leading producers of filament yams in 1990 were the Soviet Union state-owned factories (255,000 t capacity) and Akzo Fibres in Europe (100,000 t). The leading producers of staple fiber and tow were Courtaulds with 180,000 t capacity spUt between the UK and North America Formosa Chemicals and Fibres Co. with 150,000 t in Taiwan Tenzing with 125,000 t in Austria, and a 40% stake in South Pacific Viscose s 37,000 t Indonesian plant and Grasim Industries in India (125,000 t). BASF s U.S. capacity of 50,000 t was acquired by Tenzing in 1992. 

Some additives have the ability to lower the pour point without lowering the cloud point. A number of laboratory scale flow tests have been developed to provide a better prediction of cold temperature operability. They include the cold filter plugging point (CFPP), used primarily in Europe, and the low temperature flow test (LTFT), used primarily in the United States. Both tests measure flow through filter materials under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, etc, and are better predictors of cold temperature performance than either cloud or pour point for addithed fuels. 

Acetyl-i-carnitine (4) is marketed in Italy for dementia as of this writing it is also in Phase III clinical trials in the United States and Europe. In a double-blind, placebo-controUed clinical trial over a one-year period involving 130 patients with clinically diagnosed AD, a slower rate of deterioration in 13 of the 14 outcome measures was observed in the dmg-treated group (28). Earfler smaller scale pilot studies in demented patients had also shown some improvement of various behavioral and cognitive functions (29). 

The wrinkle recovery angle provides a measure of the degree of chemical modification. This is calculated by blending a small sample and measuring the recovery to the flat configuration (180°). Whereas the untreated cotton recovers approximately 90°, the cross-linked cotton sample recovers 120—140°. If this is measured on dry fabric, it is termed conditional wrinkle recovery angle if on wet fabric, it is termed wet wrinkle recovery. At one point, wet wrinkle recovery was important, particularly in Europe. In the United States, the widespread use of clothes dryers has made conditional wrinkle recovery important. 

A coherent plastic layer from a few mm to 2—3 cm thick separates the semicoke and coke from the unfused coal in the coke oven. Coking properties are assessed in Russia and some other countries by a measurement of the thickness of this plastic layer. A standardized test widely used in eastern Europe is the best known of this type (6) and involves a penetrometer used to measure the thickness of the plastic layer in a column of coal heated from the bottom. The various standard tests give results that are similar but do not give close correlations with each other. 

The basic standard for cathodic protection was laid down for the first time in DIN 30676 to which all the application areas of the different branches of protection can be referred. In this the most important point is the technique for accurately measuring the object/soil potential [58]. The usual off-potential measurement method for underground installations has been slowly implemented and enforced in Europe since the 1960s [59]. 

Although the same measurement techniques for rainfall acidity have not been used over a long period of time and sampling has been carried out at relatively few locations, the trend between 1955-1956 and 1975-1976 was for the area with a pH of less than 4.6 to expand greatly over the eastern United States. The largest increases occurred over the southeastern United States, where industrialization grew rapidly during the period. The last several decades have also seen an increased area of lower pH over northern Europe. 

EUROVENT has always led the field in measuring and characterizing air filters. Since 1979 EUROVENT 4/5 has set the standard in Europe and provided the basis for European Standard EN 779 1993, Specifications for Particulate Air Filters for General Ventilation. 

The EEA aims to support sustainable development and to help achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe s environment by providing timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy making agents and the public. The home page of EEA has links to environmental agencies in 26 European countries. 

Bernoulli and Euler dominated the mechanics of flexible and elastic bodies for many years. They also investigated the flow of fluids. In particular, they wanted to know about the relationship between the speed at which blood flows and its pressure. Bernoulli experimented by puncturing the wall of a pipe with a small, open-ended straw, and noted that as the fluid passed through the tube the height to which the fluid rose up the straw was related to fluid s pressure. Soon physicians all over Europe were measuring patients blood pressure by sticking pointed-ended glass tubes directly into their arteries. (It was not until 1896 that an Italian doctor discovered a less painful method that is still in widespread... 

In the metric system, pressure has a unit of newtons per square meter, which is called a pascal (Pa). Although the pascal is the scientific unit and is preferred, pounds per square inch (Ibs/iif) is comnion in the United States. For example, in most of Europe, tire pressure is recorded in pascals (typically 220,000 Pa), whereas tire pressure in American cars is measured in pounds per square inch (typically 32 Ibs/in ). As a point of reference, the pressure that the earth s... 

Knox, D. W. J., and J. M. Milne, Measurement-while-drilling tool performance, SPE 16523, Offshore Europe 1987 Conference, Aberdeen, Proceedings Vol. 1, September 1987. 

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