Flat configuration

The wrinkle recovery angle provides a measure of the degree of chemical modification. This is calculated by blending a small sample and measuring the recovery to the flat configuration (180°). Whereas the untreated cotton recovers approximately 90°, the cross-linked cotton sample recovers 120—140°. If this is measured on dry fabric, it is termed conditional wrinkle recovery angle if on wet fabric, it is termed wet wrinkle recovery. At one point, wet wrinkle recovery was important, particularly in Europe. In the United States, the widespread use of clothes dryers has made conditional wrinkle recovery important. 

Figure 13.31(a) Insulators to hold busbars in flat configuration (Courtesy J.K. Plastics)... 

The influence of the organocation structure on the exchange adsorption becomes evident from the data in table V. 4,4 Bipyridinium cations adsorb two times more energetically (AH s 2j2 kJ Eq ) than do 2,2 bipyridinium cations (AH° = 11 f5 Eq ). The former adapt a planar orientation (dnm = f 26 nm) in contrast to the inclined position of the latter ( qq = 1.4 nm), despite the fact that sufficient surface is available for adsorption in a flat configuration. Smaller enthalpy terms are consistent with smaller electrostatic interaction energies. The reason for the tilting is unknown however. 

The reaction pathway of 3 and 2,3-dioxobutane was profiled by ab initio calculation. It was rationalized that the initial complex of this transformation was a face-to-face complex. The sequential attack of 3 on 1,2-diketone proceeds in s-cis fixed conformation. In this complex, 3 worked as a bidentate Lewis acid. The detailed structural information determined by calculation of the initial complex is shown in Scheme 35. The dihedral angle 0(1)—C(l)—C(2)—0(2) is 47.7°. The distortion from a flat configuration (i.e. dihedral angle = 0 or 180°) suppresses the deprotonation of the methyl group that should have lead to the unfavorable enolization of the diketone68. 

The most important sugar is glucose. It has a saturated six-membered ring containing oxygen and it is best drawn in a chair conformation with nearly all the substituents equatorial. It can also be drawn reasonably as a flat configurational diagram. 

To demonstrate that STORM can indeed resolve nearby fluorescent molecules with sub-diffraction-limit resolution, we first engineered samples with known relative positions of the fluorescent labels - double-stranded DNA labeled with two Cy3-Cy5 pairs separated by a well-defined number (135) of base pairs, corresponding to an inter-CyS distance of 46 nm along the contour of DNA [4]. The DNA strands were immobilized in a flat configuration to a quartz slide through multiple biotin-streptavidin linkages. The two Cy5 dyes were turned on and off, repetitively, and the image sequence was analyzed to determine the positions of individual activated Cy5 dye. We then constructed... 

The horizontal flat interface configuration between two fluids, the lower of which has a density p and the upper a density p < p, is also a stable configuration for deformations that are not too large. We have seen earlier in this chapter that gravity forces will cause a humped configuration such as that shown in Fig. 2-13 to go back to a flat configuration. However, even if the two fluids have the same density, surface tension will also drive the... 

A small thickness (ca. 3 nm) of a layer from PEI, adsorbed on a-Fe203 particles, is found [32], Being three times lower than the average size of the PEI molecule in solution [110], this value shows flattening of the PEI molecules at the plateau adsorption. The considerable shift of the pH from 9.8 to 6.9 and the particle isoelectric point, which is found at extremely low PEI concentrations (10 7-10 s gdm 3), also indicates that nearly all amino groups of unfolded PEI molecules contact with the oxide surface. This implies even more flat configuration of the adsorbed PEI molecules below the particle isoelectric point, although the process of flocculation hampers its electro-optical determination. 

No dependence of the critical concentration of flocculation on the molecular weight of NaPSS is shown in Figure 20. This is also a typical behavior for the suspension with no (essential) bridging flocculation. The flat configuration of the adsorbed polyions in stabilized suspensions shows no existence of a steric stabilization at plateau adsorption as well. 

The interaction of the carboxylate moiety lying normal to the surface with the iron atoms, that is, the interaction of >C= O with two iron atoms, yields another adsorbate as depicted in Figure 4.4. This adsorbate screens less iron surface atoms than that of the flat configuration, resulting in the lowest BE. However, the difference in the BE values between Fe(l 11) and Fe(100) is smaller than that with adsorbates involving the two combined interactions of the aromatic and carboxylate moieties. This is the consequence of the lower coordination number of this type of adsorbate. 

In B measurements agree with each C ring being twisted 37° about its O—Ci. . . C4 line from the flat configuration... 

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