Ethylene glycol treatment

S Hoshina, R Sakural, N Kunishima, K Wada and S Itoh (1990) Selective destruction of iron-sulfur centers by heat/ethylene glycol treatment and isolation of photosystem 1 core protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1015 61-68... 

The identification of individual clay minerals is done with the module INDV-CLAY, which allows the user to select a clay mineral from a list for phase analysis. When a clay mineral is selected, the module displays the main features of the XRD pattern, its behavior after heating or ethylene-glycol treatment, and the minerals that... 

Systemically administered ethanol is confined to the treatment of poisoning by methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. Treatment consists of sodium bicarbonate to combat acidosis, hemodialysis, and the administration of ethanol, which slows the formation of methanol s metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid, by competing with methanol for metabolism by ADH (Figure 22-1). Formic acid causes nerve damage its effects on the retina and optic nerve can cause blindness. 

Vermiculite includes hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite as suggested by the absence of total collapse of the 1.2 nm peak after the K-300°C and K-550°C treatments (Allen and Hajek, 1989). There is no smectite as indicated by the absence of a 1.8 nm peak for the Mg-ethylene glycol treatment. 

Nitrile 421 was synthesized from the hydroxy methylene ketone 419. Initially, this was converted into isoxazole 420, with its ketone function then protected with ethylene glycol. Treatment with potassium t-butoxide afforded the keto-nitrile 421 (Scheme 8.5). 

These give (02, 11), (13, 20), and (06, 33) reflections. The latter is a doublet, 1.49 and 1.50 A, corresponding to kaolinite and montmorillonite. Basal reflections are almost absent, but a broad band occurs in the region 5 to 12° 20, i.e., 7 to 15 A spacings. There also exist two broad bands at 3 to 5 A and 2 to 5 A approximating to 002 and 003 kaolinite. Heat treatment at 500°C weakens all reflections, as does ethylene glycol treatment even the (02,11) and (13, 20) reflections become broad, like one-dimensional crystal reflections (Figure 29). 

Figure 30 and Table 4 (essentially from Vivaldi and MacEwan [I960]) show the behavior of various types of mixed-layer minerals on ethylene glycol treatment and after heating to 500°C for 1 hr. Other treatments available are mild acid treatments (for dissolving trioctahedral components), K and Mg saturation. For further information, see Section CII6 and Section 1,11(d). 

When low boiling ingredients such as ethylene glycol are used, a special provision in the form of a partial condenser is needed to return them to the reactor. Otherwise, not only is the balance of the reactants upset and the raw material cost of the resin increased, but also they become part of the pollutant in the waste water and incur additional water treatment costs. Usually, a vertical reflux condenser or a packed column is used as the partial condenser, which is installed between the reactor and the overhead total condenser, as shown in Figure 3. The temperature in the partial condenser is monitored and maintained to effect a fractionation between water, which is to pass through, and the glycol or other materials, which are to be condensed and returned to the reactor. If the fractionation is poor, and water vapor is also condensed and returned, the reaction is retarded and there is a loss of productivity. As the reaction proceeds toward completion, water evolution slows down, and most of the glycol has combined into the resin stmcture. The temperature in the partial condenser may then be raised to faciUtate the removal of water vapor. 

In the chemical industry, titanium is used in heat-exchanger tubing for salt production, in the production of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and terephthaHc acid, and in industrial wastewater treatment. Titanium is used in environments of aqueous chloride salts, eg, ZnCl2, NH4CI, CaCl2, and MgCl2 chlorine gas chlorinated hydrocarbons and nitric acid. 

When antifreeze becomes unsuitable for use, either because of depletion of inhibitors, presence of corrosion products or corrosive ions, or degradation of the fluid, recycling and reuse of the antifreeze, rather than disposal, may be considered. Although ethylene glycol is readily biodegraded in typical municipal waste treatment faciHties, antifreeze disposal becomes problematic because the coolant may contain hazardous quantities of heavy metals picked up from the cooling system. Recycling may be economically preferred over coolant disposal and reduces the concern for environmental impact. 

Ethylenediamine (70,71), benzyl alcohol and acetone (72), ethylene glycol (73) and C2—C g carboxyUc acids (74) are claimed to increase the reactivity of cellulose toward acetylation. Sodium hydroxide and Hquid ammonia (71) are excellent swelling agents and have been used to activate cellulose before esterification. Ultrasonic treatment of cellulose slurries (75) reportedly swells the fibers and improves reactivity. 

X-ray diffraction patterns yield typical 1.2—1.4 nm basal spacings for smectite partially hydrated in an ordinary laboratory atmosphere. Solvating smectite in ethylene glycol expands the spacing to 1.7 nm, and beating to 550°C collapses it to 1.0 nm. Certain micaceous clay minerals from which part of the metallic interlayer cations of the smectites has been stripped or degraded, and replaced by expand similarly. Treatment with strong solutions of... 

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules attached to adenosine deaminase (ADA) have been used in patients exhibiting symptoms of the severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) caused by ADA deficiency. The modified enzyme has a plasma half-life of weeks as compared to the unmodified enzyme (minutes) (248). PEG-L-asparaginase has induced remissions in patients with non-Hodgkin s lymphoma (248). However, one disadvantage of PEG-enzyme treatment is its expense, ie, a year s treatment costs about 60,000 (248). 

Fumigation with ethylene oxide does indeed lead to a considerable reduction in the germ count (and at the same time destruction of insects), but the process, because of the formation of toxic reaction products (ethylene chlorhydrin, ethylene glycol) has been banned throughout the European Community since 01.01.1990 Ionizing irradiation a declaration of the treatment is obligatory, but such drugs find little acceptance by the public who expect nature s products as such. 

Alkyl fluorides have been prepared by reaction between elementary fluorine and the paraffins, by the addition of hydrogen fluoride to olefins, by the reaction of alkyl halides with mercurous fluoride, with mercuric fluoride, with silver fluoride, or with potassium fluoride under pressure. The procedure used is based on that of Hoffmann involving interaction at atmospheric pressure of anhydrous potassium fluoride with an alkyl halide in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent for the inorganic fluoride a small amount of olefin accompanies the alkyl fluoride produced and is readily removed by treatment with bromine-potassium bromide solution. Methods for the preparation of alkyl monofluorides have been reviewed. ... 

Dinitroiodobenzene has been prepared by the nitration of 0- or /)-nitroiodobenzene, by treatment of 2,4-dinitrobenzenedi-azonium sulfate with potassium iodide, and by the reaction of sodium iodide with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in refluxing ethylene glycol. The present procedure is a modification of the last-mentioned one. 

It is prudent at this stage to briefly consider the problems that can be experienced in either refrigeration or heat recovery systems when water treatment is required to prevent freezing. The antifreeze treatment of pure water may be achieved by various means, typical ones being various brines, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. 

Acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (59) is converted into the ethylene ketal (60) by treatment with ethylene glycol, triethylorthoformate and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The ketal is brominated with pyridinium bromide perbromide in THF and then treated with sodium iodide to remove bromine from the 5 and 6 positions. This gives the 16a-bromo compound (61) which is hydrolyzed in methanol to the free alcohol (62). Dehydrobromination is effected with potassium Fbutoxide in DMSO to give the -compound (63). Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the ketal in aqueous acetone gives the title compound (64). ... 

Replacement of silver nitrite by inexpensive sodiiunor potassium nitrite enhances the imlity of this process Treatment of alkenes v/ith sodiiun nitrite and iodine in ethyl acetate and water in the presence of ethylene glycol gives conjngatednitroalkenesin49-82% yield The method for generation of nitryl iodide is improved by the treatment of iodme v/ith potassium nitrite complexed v/ith 18-crovm-6 in THF under sonicadon, as shovmin Eq 2 32 ... 

The solubility of latex in water can be improved by replacing the solvent used in the system. Initially, the water is removed and than a hydrophobic organic solvent is replaced by a hydrophilic solvent, which has a boiling point above 100 C. This last solvent can be ethylene glycol, diethyl ether of diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether of ethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycols. This treatment results in a pastelike composition that can be easily mixed with water and used as a final product. 

Hazer [20,25] reported on the reaction of a po]y(eth-ylene g]ycol)-based azoester with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of (CH3CH2)3N. In this reaction double bonds were attached to the chain ends of the poly(ester) thus obtaining a macroinimer. Being used for the thermal polymerization of styrene, the material formed an insoluble gel [20]. Probably, both the C=C double bonds and the azo bonds reacted in the course of the thermal treatment. The macroninimer in a later work [25] was used for thermally polymerizing poly(butadiene) thus leading to poly(ethylene glycol-/ -butadiene) block copolymers. 

Cyclohexadiene has been prepared by dehydration of cyclohexen-3-ol,3 by pyrolysis at 540° of the diacetate of cyclohexane-1,2-diol,4 by dehydrobromination with quinoline of 3-hromocyclohexene,6 by treating the ethyl ether of cyclohexen-3-ol with potassium bisulfatc,6 7 by heating cyclohexene oxide with phthalic anhydride,8 by treating cyclohexane-1,2-diol with concentrated sulfuric acid,9 by treatment of 1,2-dibromocyclo-hexane with tributylamine,10 with sodium hydroxide in ethylene glycol,10 and with quinoline,6 and by treatment of 3,6-dibromo-cyclohexene with sodium.6... 

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