Esters Polyesters

Quadraxially oriented (four directional layer) glass fabric-TS vinyl ester polyester RP sheet panels with a foam core and gel coating are used. Most of the panels are 3 mm thick with molded-in rib structure supports. Body skins are bonded to the chassis with a double-stick acrylic tape developed by 3M Co. as well as mechanical fasteners. Unlike most steel designs, no B-pillar structural component between the front and rear doors is required thus providing more interior space and easy entry since doors open in opposite directions. 

SCRIMP process This Seeman Composites Resin Infusion Process (SCRIMP) is described as a gas-assist resin transfer molding process. As an example glass fiber fabrics/ thermoset vinyl ester polyester plastic and polyurethane foam panels (for insulation) are placed in a segmented tool. A vacuum is pulled with a bag so that a huge amount of plastic can be drawn into the mold (Marco process approach). Its curved roof is made separately and bonded to the box with mechanical and adhesive fastening. It is similar to various reinforced plastics molding processes. 

The coatings were cured in two steps first, a room temperature exposure for at least five hours to allow any solvent present to evaporate and/or the resin to gel and, second, an elevated temperature cure. The vinyl ester, polyester and epoxies were baked at 60°C for 4-16 hours. The coating thickness after curing was measured with a micrometer, subtracting the substrate thickness. The thickness of the coatings ranged from 6 to 12 mils (150-300 urn) and is shown for each type in Table I. 

In a fully synthetic oil, there is almost certainly some mineral oil present. The chemical components used to manufacture the additive package and the viscosity index improver (VI) contain mineral oil. When all these aspects are considered, it is possible for a "fully synthetic" engine oil to surpass mineral oil (Shubkin, 1993). Synthetic oils fall into general ASTM classification (a) synthetic hydrocarbons (poly-a-olefins, alkylated aromatics, cycloaliphatics) (b) organic esters (dibasic acid esters, polyol esters, polyesters) (c) other fluids (polyalkylene glycols, phosphate esters, silicates, silicones, polyphenyl esters, fluorocarbons). 

One-step partial oxidation of propane to acrylic acid (an essential chemical widely used for the production of esters, polyesters, amides, anilides, etc.) has been investigated so far on three types of catalysts, namely, vanadium phosphorus oxides, heteropolycompounds and, more successfully, on mixed metal oxides. The active catalysts generally consist of Mo and V elements, which are also found in catalysts used for the oxidation of propene to acrolein and that of acrolein to acrylic acid. 

Plasticiser Soften polymer, reduce Tg Separates polymer chains from each other Phthalate esters, aliphatic diesters, epoxidised oils, phosphate esters, polyesters... 

Mlrasol. [CJ. Osborn] Alkyd, epoxy resin esters, polyesters, urethanes. 

Uses Esteritication/transesteritication/polyesterification catalyst for prep, of esters, polyesters, alkyds, methacrylate esters 100 C, in coatings industry tor prep, of alkyd resins, and in reactions for curing blocked isocyanate... 

Sey Seyhan, A. T., Tanoglu, M., Schulte, K. Tensile mechanical behavior and fracture toughness of MWCNT and DWCNT modified vinyl-ester/polyester hybrid nanocomposites produced by 3-roll milling. Mater. Sci. Eng. A - Struct. Mater. Propert. Microstruct. Process. 523 (2009) 85-92. 

Methyl esters (polyester fibers), amines, and other chemicals Solvents... 

It is well known that thermoset polymers such as epoxy, vinyl ester, polyester, phenolic, etc., are chemically or physically cross-linked polymers (chemical bonds between polymer chains, intermolecular van der Waals bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and molecular entanglement). These cross-links serve as molecular anchorages, which prevent molecular motion of the... 

As with aluminium extrusions, so with pultruded fibre reinforced composite profiles. The limit to the size and complexity of these profiles suggests that a modular approach could be adopted towards forming alternative structural configurations from the basic or standard profile shapes by bonding together individual lengths. Composite materials lend themselves to being joined with resin adhesives because they are themselves formed with vinyl ester, polyester or epoxy resins. Cursory surface treatments only, such as mild abrasion, often suffice. 

Diesters Hydroxy esters Polyesters of (W-hydroxy acids... 

TSWB, a flame retardant additive from Avtec, see Section 4.4.1, is a sandy-coloured particulate material that may be mixed into various resins and applied to cured parts or incorporated directly into resin systems. About 20-35 wt% loading is suggested and the additive has been assessed in epoxy, vinyl ester, polyester and phenolic resin compositions. 

Polyester and vinyl esters. Polyester matrices have had the longest period of use, with wide application in many large structural applications. (See Table 2.31.) They will cure at room temperature with a catalyst (peroxide) which produces an exothermic reaction. The resultant polymer is nonpolar and very water resistant, making it an excellent choice in the marine construction field. The isopolyester resins, regarded as the most water-resistant polymer in the polymer group, has been chosen as the prime matrix material for use on a fleet of U.S. Navy mine hunters. 

Several additives are susceptible to microorganisms, notably certain PVC plasticisers, especially the epoxy oils and esters, polyesters and sebacates. Most aryl plasticisers are more resistant than their alkyl equivalents. Natural fillers such as starch and wood flour are also attacked, although if the particles are fully encapsulated by resin they will have considerable protection. This is important for wood-plastics composites, currently being promoted as potential substitutes for wood, MDF and even UPVC. It is possible for microorganisms to attack certain lubricants such as polyethylene waxes and pigments. 

Maleic anhydride Maleic esters Polyester methacrylate Methyl methacrylate Diethylene glycol maleate... 

Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters. Polyester syntheses have been achieved by enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters with various ring-sizes. Figure 9 summarizes cyclic monomers so far polymerized through lipase catalysis. 

Organic Base oxide/chromate, magnesium oxide Organic Primers and Topcoats Epoxies, epoxy esters, polyesters, alkyds, vinyls, acrylics, oils, urethanes, cellulosics... 

An epoxy modified vinyl ester polyester offering excellent mechanical properties and good chemical-corrosion resistance, low shrinkage, higher tensile and elongation properties. Suitable for hand-lay and filament winding. 

A easily sanded, porosity-free, high build (2mm mx. wet-on-wet) primer, designed for the repair of osmosis and blister damage on composite surfaces. Excellent adhesion to composites manufactured of vinyl ester, polyester and most epoxies. Suitable for RTM, vacuum forming and contact moulds. 

Phenolic thermoset resins are the oldest thermoset materials. They do not find as wide an application in the corrosion-resistant field as do the epoxies, vinyl esters, polyesters, and furans. As with other thermoset resins, they can be formulated to meet certain properties, but in general they do not have the range of corrosion resistance of the other thermosets. Table 8.6 shows their resistance to atmospheric corrosion and Table 8.7 gives their operating temperature range. 

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