Erythrocyte composition

Infrared spectra have been used as part of an investigation (Hanahan et al., 1963) to prove that a glyceryl ether phospholipid (XL), 

Nelson (1967) has presented data on the neutral lipid composition of the erythrocytes of several species, namely, the cow, dog, goat, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep. He determined the cholesterol content by three methods gas-liquid, thin-layer, and column chromatography, the last in conjunction with infrared spectrophotometry. The results obtained by the three methods were in good agreement. In erythrocytes of the cow, for example, cholesterol comprised 30.2, 28.4, and 27.9% of the total lipid extract by gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectrometry, and thin- 

No evidence was found by Nelson for the oxycholesterol reported by Irie et al. (1961) in appreciable quantities in dog erythrocytes. 

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Kuriki, K., et al. (2006) Risk of colorectal cancer is linked to erythrocyte compositions of fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention, 15, 1791-1798. 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Interpretation of the biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids is complicated by the diversity of composition among the hydraulic fluids in this class. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity is a good biomarker of exposure to certain organophosphates (e.g., insecticides), but results are inconsistent with organophosphate components of... 

Different tissues have different lipid compositions. The most common lipid components of membranes are PC and PE. Lipid extracts from brain and lung are also rich in PS heart tissue is rich in PG, and liver is rich in PI [567]. Human blood cells, as ghost erythrocytes (with cytoplasm contents removed), are often used as membrane models. These have different compositions between the inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer membrane. Phospholipids account for 46% of the outer leaflet membrane constituents, with PC and Sph about equal in amount. The inner leaflet is richer in phospholipids (55%), with the mix 19% PE, 12% PS, 7% PC and 5% Sph [567],... 

Stangl, G.I. and M. Kirchgessner. 1997. Effect of nickel deficiency on fatty acid composition of total lipids and individual phospholipids in brain and erythrocytes of rats. Nutr. Res. 17 137-147. 

You can also capture the non-specific autofluorescence emitted by elastic lamellae and erythrocytes using a filter exciting the autofluorescence in the red spectrum under a longer exposure than with the filter exciting specific fluorescence in the green spectrum and merge them into a composite image, as shown in Fig. 5.2. 

Most of the early work on membranes was based on experiments with erythrocytes. These cells were first described by Swammerdam in 1658 with a more detailed account being given by van Leeuwenhoek (1673). The existence of a cell (plasma) membrane with properties distinct from those of protoplasm followed from the work of Hamburger (1898) who showed that when placed in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, erythrocytes behaved as osmometers with a semipermeable membrane. Hemolysis became a convenient indication of the penetration of solutes and water into the cell. From 1900 until the early 1960s studies on cell membranes fell into two main categories increasingly sophisticated kinetic analyses of solute translocation, and rather less satisfactory examinations of membrane composition and organization. 

Gryns (1896), Hedin (1897), and especially Overton (1900) looked at the permeability of a wide range of different compounds, particularly non-electrolytes, and showed that rates of penetration of solutes into erythrocytes increased with their lipid solubility. Overton correlated the rate of penetration of the solute with its partition coefficient between water and olive oil, which he took as a model for membrane composition. Some water-soluble molecules, particularly urea, entered erythrocytes faster than could be attributed to their lipid solubility—observations leading to the concept of pores, or discontinuities in the membrane which allowed water-soluble molecules to penetrate. The need to postulate the existence of pores offered the first hint of a mosaic structure for the membrane. Jacobs (1932) and Huber and Orskov (1933) put results from the early permeability studies onto a quantitative basis and concluded molecular size was a factor in the rate of solute translocation. 

Biologic effects of non-excited fullerenes C60, that are revealed at the concentration range lower than 10 4 M, are mostly positive, but depend on the type of cells and the way of modification of fullerene C60 (Yamakoshi et al., 1994). As we have shown earlier, upon the presence of 10 6 M fullerenes C60 in incubation medium, resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis is not altered, whilst at the concentration of 10 5 M fullerenes C60 the hemolysis rate is accelerated. Hemolytic effect was not revealed if fullerene C. at the concentration of 10 5 M was introduced to the con-tent of aminopropylaerosyl (i.e., upon the presence of fullerene C60-composite-l). Cytotoxic influence was not found if thymocytes and EAC cells were incubated with fullerenes C60 (10 5 M) or fullerene C60-containing composites for 24 h (Piylutska et al., 2006). That is why the study of the influence of irradiation on biologic activity of fullerenes C60 was carried out at their concentration of 10 5 M. 

Blood is the transport medium of the body. Plasma, which accounts for approximately 60% of the total volume, carries a wide range of small and medium-sized metabolites some are simply dissolved in solution (93% of the plasma is water), others are carried by specific carrier proteins. The chemical composition of the plasma is complex and reflects the chemical composition inside cells, which is why blood tests are so commonly used in diagnosis to see the biochemical events occurring in tissues. The formed cellular elements of the blood perform several functions defence against blood loss from bleeding (platelets, also called thrombocytes), defence against infection and immune surveillance (white cells, leucocytes), and gas transport and pH buffering (red cells, erythrocytes). 

The molecules and ions contained within a living organism differ in kind and in concentration from those in the organism s surroundings. A Paramecium in a pond, a shark in the ocean, an erythrocyte in the human bloodstream, an apple tree in an orchard—all are different in composition from their surroundings and, once they have reached maturity, all (to a first approximation) maintain a constant composition in the face of constantly changing surroundings. 

RL Engen, CL Clark. High performance liquid chromatography determination of erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition in several animal species. Am J Vet Res 51 577-580, 1990. 

Data on the proportions of different fatty acids in plasma lipid esters (cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, free fatty acids, or triacylglycerol), erythrocyte membranes, or adipose tissue may provide a more objective and accurate path to evaluating dietary fatty acid composition (Arab, 2003 Baylin and Campos, 2006). The fatty acid composition in blood and body tissues reflects the fatty acid composition of the diet at different time points after ingestion. Short and medium-term changes in the composition of dietary fatty acid intake are reflected in plasma lipids and erythrocyte membranes, weeks and months after intake, respectively. The incorporation of fatty acids in adipose tissue reflects long-term changes in the diet (years) (Baylin and Campos, 2006 Katan et al., 1997 Ma et al., 1995 Zock et al, 1997). 

Engelmann B., Streich S., SchonthierU. M., Richter W. O., and Duhm J. (1992). Changes of membrane phospholipid composition of human erythrocytes in hyperlipidemias. I. Increased phosphatidylcholine and reduced sphingomyelin in patients with elevated levels of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Lipids Lipid Metab. 1165 32-37. 

Cunnane, S.C., McAdoo, K.R., and Horrobin, D.F. 1987. Horrobin, iron intake influences essential fatty acids and lipid composition of rat plasma and erythrocyts. J. Nutr. 117, 1514-1519. 

Cell-enrichment processes not using fluorescent or magnetic technology are based on cell physicochemical properties, such as density, size, electrophoretic mobility, or surface composition (phenotype) (1). One of the earliest and still most commonly used methods is based on the use of centrifugal force to exploit density differences and deplete erythrocytes from whole blood. Further... 

Given, the same temperature conditions, the natural mobility rate is the determinant of specific oxygen uptake, energy metabolism, the ratio between protein and lipid used in metabolism, the level of tissue enzyme activity, the rate of self-replenishment of proteins, the energy capacity of tissues, the concentration of erythrocytes and haemoglobin in the blood, the lipid fraction and fatty acid composition of lipids in the liver and other tissues, and the pattern of mobilization in endogenous feeding. 

One approach to this problem would be to isolate the intact lectin-receptor molecules from the cell membranes and characterize them. Work in this direction has been initiated in our laboratory, and a method for the isolation of the peanut agglutinin receptor from membranes of neuraminidase-treated human erythrocytes on a column of peanut agglutinin-polyacryl-hydrazido-Sepharose has been developed (21). The amino acid composition, D-glucosamine ancHg-galac-tosamine content, and the electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium... 

To summarize, maximal adsorption of glucose in combination with BSA on the surface of ultra-fine silica was appreciably less than that of fructose under the same conditions. On the other hand, the positive bio-effect of glucose-containing composites is much higher for both reproductive cells and erythrocytes. 

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