Long-term changes

Waste problems that cannot be solved by simple procedural adjustments or improvements in housekeeping practices will require more substantial long-term changes. It is necessary to develop possible prevention options for the waste problems. Process or production changes that may increase production efficiency and reduce waste generation include ... 

Elliot, W. P. (1995). On Detecting Long-Term Changes in Atmospheric Moisture. Climadc C/iangc 31 349—367. Etheridge, D. M., et ah (1998). Atmospheric Methane between 1000 A.n. and Present Evidence of... 

Alcamo J, Fldrke M, Marker M (2007) Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socioeconomic and climatic change. Hydrol Sci J 52 247-275... 

Armitage PD, Bowes MJ, Vincet HM (2007) Long-term changes in macroinvertebrate communities of a heavily metal polluted stream the river Went (Cumbria, U.K.) after 28 years. River Res Appl 23 997... 

Differences in behavior between polycrystalline and single-crystal CdSe electrodes in polysulfide PEC involving the short- and long-term changes in photovoltage and photocurrents have been discussed by Cahen et al. [88], on the basis of XPS studies, which verified the occurrence of S/Se substitution in these electrodes when immersed in polysulfide solution, especially under illumination. The presence of a thin (several nanometers) layer of CdS on top of the CdSe was shown to influence... 

Thompson DR, Becker PH, Furness RW. 1993. Long-term changes in mercury concentrations in herring gulls Lams argentatus and common terns Sterna hirundo from the German North Sea coast. J Appl Ecol 30 316-320. 

Ellison, G. Eison, M.S. Huberman, H.S. and Daniel, F. Long-term changes in dopaminergic innervation of caudate nucleus after continuous amphetamine administration. Science 201 276-278, 1978. 

Both of them require at least limited model calibration. They do not stochastically estimate daily climate data for model evaluations or long-term changes in plant nutrient status and the resulting changes in plant growth and water balance. HYDRUS and UNSAT-H would be very useful and accurate if used in research however, they are difficult to use in engineering design of ET landfill covers and provide incomplete estimates of performance. 

Bouijeily N, Suszkiw JB. 1997. Developmental cholinotoxicity of lead loss of septal cholinergic neurons and long-term changes in cholinergic innervation of the hippocampus in perinatally lead-exposed rats. Brain Res 771(2) 319-328. 

Ferrari, R., Le Novere, N., Picciotto, M.R., Changeux, J.P., Zoli, M. Acute and long-term changes in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway after systemic or local single nicotine injections. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15 1810, 2002. 

Fone, K.C., Beckett, S.R., Topham, I.A., Swettenham, J., Ball, M., and Maddocks, L., Long-term changes in social interaction and reward following repeated MDMA administration to adolescent rats without accompanying serotonergic neurotoxicity, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 159(4), 437 144, 2002. 

The term ageing of polymers is usually reserved for long-term changes in properties of polymers exposed to weathering conditions. It may involve any of the above processes and include physical processes of polymer recrystallization and denaturation of, for example, protein structure in biopolymer chemistry. The term corrosion, used essentially for the deterioration (ageing) of metal... 

Figure 6.6. Long-term changes of Uts of metals in a loessial soil from Israel. The soil received metal nitrates under field the capacity moisture regime (after Han and Banin, 1999. Reprinted from Water Air Soil Pollut, 114, Han F.X and Banin A., Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils. II Incubation under field capacity conditions, p 245, Copyright (1999), with permission from Springer Science and Business Media)...

One of the most interesting of the geophysics results from radiocarbon dates is the history of the sun. Apparently, it is registered in fluctuations of the cosmic ray intensity. These are fluctuations of rather short duration in terms of the radiocarbon lifetime, perhaps a century or so, and apparently they are caused by variations in the solar wind due to long-term changes in the solar emissions. This idea has been developed in some detail recently by Dr. Lai and his collaborators. It promises to give us a way of watching the history of the sun over tens of thousands of years. This fine structure on the curve of calibration was discovered by Dr. Suess and others. 

Long term changes in precipitation, caused by changes in climatic temperature, are well documented in polar ice caps the heavier of the stable isotopes is depleted in ice laid down in the ice age by comparison with present day ice. In 1970 we extended this concept to trees, suggesting that they, also, are thermometers. Trees grow from water and atmospheric C02. In trees which grow on rain water, isotope variations in their rings should be climate indicators because the isotope composition in rain and C02 varies with temperature. 

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