Error types latent

James Reason s Human Error, which was previously mentioned, is also a highly recommended resource. First published in 1990, it has since had 12 reprintings. Reason discusses The Nature of error Studies of human error Performance levels and error types Cognitive underspecification and error forms A design for a fallible machine The detection of errors Latent errors and system disasters and Assessing and reducing the human error risk. 

The internal stmctnre of the framework can be decomposed into the following four levels data collection (provides the techniques necessary for the collection of error and latent conditions data) data analysis (used to analyse the data collected) error identification (this is used to identify, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the different types of latent conditions residing in, and errors made in, the road transport system) and error tolerance strategies (involves the development and application of strategies designed to increase error tolerance within the road transport system... 

Road User Error and Contributing Conditions Database Development. It is proposed that the data collected during the pilot study will be used to develop an initial database of road user error and contributing conditions at intersections. The database will contain information related to each of the different error types and contributing conditions identified. The database will be used to identify trends within the error data and also to inform the development of error tolerance strategies and error countermeasmes. Further, the database will be used to inform the development of the larger study on error and latent conditions within the whole road transport system. 

The Potential Human Error Audit is but one example of many possible approaches which could be developed. The approach chosen should provide a systematic means of identifying the potential human error in existing operations, the ability to classify the error type, the ability to identify the predisposing factors (and, where appropriate, collate these into latent failures) and the ability to link error type to the best route to solution. If this is so, then the actual means by which these are achieved is less important. 

The two error types are latent errors from job and operational design and active errors from actions taken. These errors can create loss-producing events immediately or remain hidden creating a long term potential for loss producing events. 

In the case of a latent human error the consequences of the error may only become apparent after a period of time when the condition caused by the error combines with other errors or particular operational conditions. Two types of latent error can be distinguished. One category originates at the operational level and leads to some required system function being degraded or unavailable. Maintenance and inspection operations are a frequent source of this type of latent failure. 

Neglecting the No(dCp/dNy, the Vs are the latent heats. Thus we have the important statement that the contact difference of potential between two metals equals the difference of their latent heats, or approximately of their work functions. This relation is found to be verified experimentally. The contact difference of potential can be found by purely electrostatic experiments, and the work functions by thermionic emission the results obtained in these two quite different types of experiment are in agreement. The small correction terms arising from the No(dCp/dN) s lie almost within the errors of the experiments, so that we hardly need consider them in our statement of the general theorem. 

To identify opportunities for reducing medication errorS/ it is important that each error be carefully reviewed by a limited number of individuals to gain intimate knowledge of each reported incident. Collection and classification of error data must be followed by use of a careful epidemiological approach to problem solving at the system level. Narrative data which may not be seen by looking at the categorical data alone/ can be used to provide important details about proximal causes and latent error that may have contributed to the event. Success in this type of error reduction requires the reviewers to read between the lineS/ look for common threads between reports/ and link multiple errors that are the result of system weaknesses. 

Because each latent variable is a linear combination of all variables, a fault in one of the sensors, or small process upsets may not be amplified sufficiently to trigger the alarm and give an indication to out-of-control signal. On the other hand, the SPE measure is more sensitive to such changes compared to the or the scores plot. This is due to the fact that the error of any type will be propagated to all latent space, thus in the de-mapping part of the PCA, i.e.,... 

Let the latent variable be A, let the conditionally independent measures be correlated with A with correlation p, and suppose that the type 1 error rate to be tolerated is a, so that, if a Bonferonni correction is applied it will be a/n for each of n tests. Assume, without further loss of generality that the variance of a test statistic is 1 and that positive values of a test statistic will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis. In that case, the measures have conditional variance (1 — p), whereas A has variance p and, for given A = A, A > 0, the probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis with a given test is... 

Roles and responsibilities will define the types of leadership skills that are necessary to support the safety management system and avoid or reduce the potential for active and latent errors that lead to loss-producing events. The following are examples of some assigned safety roles for each category ... 

The software error effect analysis (SEEA type) verifies the completeness of the dictionaiy of critical data (a datum is not critical if the spread of a defect on its output value is detectable by the synchronization no latent effect) the data thus identified are protected by a semantic ensuring their identity (type, functional nature) and the integrity of its value (CRC code). Before each reading use, identity... 

Although the topics Validation, Diagnostics Error measures and Interpretation have their own subchapters they are all tied together in many respects, InterpretatifMi of results from regression methods depends on the model sttuc-ture the methods based on latent variables offer more plots. As described earlier, a multivariate model has a structured part (information) and residuals and one may separate the two types of model results at this conceptual level. 

Walk-arounds are used to conduct ongoing daily safety inspections of the workplace. This type of inspection identifies obvious or observable blatant hazards or visible risk that may be related to unsafe work practices or conditions. If properly conducted, it is effective in identifying active error potential but is not as effective in identifying latent error potential (US DOE, 2009). 

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