Erections

A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid shaft of wrought iron is about 71/4 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal although it has been exposed to the weather since its erection. 

Polyethylene shrink film wrapping of cormgated ftberboard trays is in common use outside of the United States. Equipment erects the trays, fills the trays with primary packages such as cans or jars, wraps the grouping in shrink film, and heat shrinks the combination. Shrink film wrapping keeps primary and secondary packaging materials clean and dry. 

Developments Outside Germany. In the late 1930s experimental work in England (29—31) led to the erection of large pilot faciHties for Fischer-Tropsch studies (32). In France, a commercial faciHty near Calais produced ca 150 m (940 bbl) of Hquid hydrocarbons per day. In Japan, two fijH-scale plants were also operated under Ruhrchemie Hcense. Combined capacity was ca 400 m (2500 bbl) of Hquids pet day. 

The other cause of constmction problems is the introduction of badly chosen, or even unauthorized, changes during constmction in order to expedite the work. Any changes in details, material specifications, or erection procedure must be given careful consideration by both the builder and silo designer. 

To reduce storage costs involved in such a cycHc consumption pattern, there has been substantial growth in the erection of large refrigerated anhydrous ammonia storage terminals at key points within large marketing areas. Terminal cost (84) is reported to add typically about 11.00/t. 

However, packaged boilers have a limited size range. Thus, field-erected boilers are stiU required for most large industrial and utiUty iastakations. 

Plant. Soybeans grow on erect, bushy aimual plants, 75—125 cm high, having hairy stems and trifoliate leaves. The flowers are white or purple or combinations thereof. Growing season varies with latitude and is 120—130 d in central Illinois. 

Plant. The sunflower is an erect annual, 1—4 m high, having alternating leaves. The heads are <30 cm wide having orange-yeUow rays and dark center disks. The growing season is ca 120 d. 

Cone-Roof Tanks. Cone-roof tanks are cylindrical shells having a vertical axis of symmetry. The bottom is usually flat and the top made ia the form of a shallow cone. These are the most widely used tanks for storage of relatively large quantities of fluid because they are economic to build and the market supports a number of contractors capable of building them. They can be shop-fabricated ia small sizes but are most often field-erected. Cone-roof tanks typically have roof rafters and support columns except ia very small-diameter tanks when they are self-supporting (see Fig. 4b and c Table 3). 

SNR s fluidized-bed cogeneiation system is an early example of the commercial development of AFBC technology. Foster Wheeler designed, fabricated, and erected the coal-fired AFBC/boHer, which generates 6.6 MWe and 37 MW thermal (also denoted as MWt) of heat energy. The thermal energy is transferred via medium-pressure hot water to satisfy the heat demand of the tank farm. The unit bums 6.4 t/h of coal and uses a calcium to sulfur mole ratio of 3 to set the limestone feed rate. The spent bed material may be reiajected iato the bed as needed to maintain or build bed iaventory. The fly ash, collected ia two multicyclone mechanical collectors, may also be transferred pneumatically back to the combustor to iacrease the carbon bumup efficiency from 93%, without fly ash reiajection, to 98%. 

FIG. 2-10 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous ethyl alcohol. Reference states Enthalpies of hquid water and ethyl alcohol at 0 C are zero. NOTE In order to interpolate equilihrium compositions, a vertical may he erected from any liquid composition on the hoihug hue and its intersection with the auxihary hue determined. A horizontal from this intersection will estahhsh the equihhrium vapor composition on the dew hue. (Bosnjakovic, Techuische Thermo-dynamik, T. Steinkopff, Leipzig, 1935. )... 

FIGt 9-42 Lahoi hoiirs required to erect large quantities of shop-fahricated steel and low-alloy piping. 

Factors appbcable to labor-hours Crafts involved in piping erection... 

Cut, erect, align, fit, bolt, thread or weld, and test Handle and haul, store, scaffold, lost time, tools and rentals, contractor s overhead and profit Craft rate, productivity, height, and complexity... 

Steam-Generating Facilities These form the second largest investment item for chemical-plant auxiliaiy equipment. Variations in capacity, location indoors or outdoors, the type of fuel used, pressure and temperature levels, and the type of process served have an important effect on actual cost as well as on cost relative to other auxiliaiy items. Package boiler instaUations can be purchased as shop-built units which are assembled, piped, and wired ready to be erected on the owner s foundations. They are available in units up to about 136,000 kg/h (300,000 Ib/h), although units larger than about 45,360... 

The code prescribes minimum requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, support, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping systems subject to pressure or vacuum. The scope of the piping covered by B31.3 is illustrated in Fig. 10-124. It applies to all fluids including fluidized sohds and to all seivdces except as noted in the figure. 

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