Equivalent Total

The purpose for calculating the Equivalent Total is to provide a means of integrating the risks evaluated for each hazard of the accident sub-category. It will also provide a means of estimating each accident category to determine and justify the allocation of resources - to eliminate or reduce the risk. 

The calculation makes use of the fact that both the frequency and severity bands of the risk matrix are approximately logarithmic (e.g. a risk level of 6 is treated as 10 ) (MSC (1997b)). Using 7 as a base then  

For particular risk factors, there is a range of RCOs. It is most cost effective to reduce risk factors at the early design stages. Additional costs are incurred in redesigning or modifying plant or processes once they are being used. 

The various objectives and attributes of an RCO arc already discussed in Section S.1.3. At this stage, practical RCOs are recommended whUe considering the effectiveness of each option. An RCO could be in the form of a preventive measure - where the RCO reduces the probability of occurrence, and/or a mitigating measure - where the RCO reduces the severity of the consequences. Oth factms that need to be considered are the cost of the RCO and the stakeholders who will be affected by its implementations. 

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The extent of displacement depends on the relative stabiUties of the complexes and the mass action effect of an excess of M For equivalent total amounts of M and M, K must be on the order of 10 for 99% complete displacement to occur. Similar considerations apply for the displacement of L from ML by U. The situation is quite analogous to the familiar competition of two bases for the hydrogen ion. 

Suction Limitations of a Pump Whenever the pressure in a liquid drops below the vapor pressure corresponding to its temperature, the liquid will vaporize. When this happens within an operating pump, the vapor bubbles will be carried along to a point of higher pressure, where they suddenly collapse. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. Cavitation in a pump should be avoided, as it is accompanied by metal removal, vibration, reduced flow, loss in efficiency, and noise. When the absolute suction pressure is low, cavitation may occur in the pump inlet and damage result in the pump suction and on the impeller vanes near the inlet edges. To avoid this phenomenon, it is necessary to maintain a required net positive suction head (NPSH)r, which is the equivalent total head of liquid at the pump centerline less the vapor pressure p. Each pump manufacturer publishes curves relating (NPSH)r to capacity and speed for each pump. 

This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed during a process, such as compression and delivery of air or gas, although it may change from one form of energy to another. In other words, whenever a quantity of one kind of energy disappears, an exactly equivalent total of other kinds of energy must be produced. 

The iron sulphide in South African coals is a mixture of pyrite and marcasite (18). Although marcasite is known to transform into pyrite at elevated temperatures, separate spiking experiments were performed to see if pyrite or marcasite would show a preferential catalytic effect. The addition of pyrite and marcasite minerals (-200 mesh), to the coal showed equivalent total conversions, and yields of oil and asphaltene. 

COW, Bos bovis Oral doses equivalent to 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg diet for 60 days, then no dose for 30 days Fed diets containing 10 mg/kg for 10 days At 1 mg/kg diet equivalent, total chlordane in fat increased from 0.24 mg/kg at day 30 to 0.47 at day 60 30 days later, residues remained elevated at 0.45 mg/kg. The same pattern was seen at higher dose levels but residues were higher at 1.2-1.5 mg/kg in the 10-mg/kg diet group, and 2.6-4.0 in the 100-mg/kg group (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987) Milk contained less than 50 pg/L (NRCC 1975)... 

TAR tee TDM toe TPES TSA TTW IPCC Third Assessment Report Tons of coal equivalent Transport demand management Tons of oil equivalent Total primary energy supply Temperature swing adsorption Tank-to-wheel... 

Figure 2. Canadas potential recoverable reserves of fossil fuels (in barrels-of-oil equivalent). Total 1000 billion source Federal Government Publication An Energy Policy for Canada. ...

Immediate vs extended release Patients receiving immediate-release glipizide may be switched safely to the extended-release tablets once a day at the nearest equivalent total daily dose. Patients receiving immediate-release tablets also may be titrated to the appropriate dose of the extended-release tablets starting with 5 mg once daily. 

Tablets, extended-release Intended for once daily administration. Patients treated with diltiazem alone or in combination with other medications may be switched safely to once daily extended-release diltiazem tablets at the nearest equivalent total daily dose. Subsequent titration to higher or lower doses may be necessary and should be initiated as clinically warranted.

Angina patients maintained on the nifedipine capsule formulation may be switched to the sustained release tablet at the nearest equivalent total daily dose. Experience with doses more than 90 mg in angina is limited. 

Using standard conversion ratio estimates (see table below), multiply the mg per day of the previous opioids by the appropriate multiplication factors to obtain the equivalent total daily dose of oral oxycodone. 

NPSH)a which is the equivalent total head of liquid at the pump centerline less the vapor pressure p. Each pump manufacturer publishes curves relating (NPSH)h to capacity and speed for each pump. 

The Net Present Value (NPV) of a capital investment is the equivalent total cash flow generated by all the acquisition s benefits less all the acquisition s costs computed over the life of the system on a year to year basis, adjusted for the value of money as reflected by such factors as finance rates, and projected ("discounted") to the present day. A dollar benefit projected for the system next year would only be worth 0.91 today if that dollar could be earning 10% interest. A net present value of zero means that the acquisition will, over its projected life, just break even and that it is therefore an acceptable purchase. A better than zero NPV would be a high priority purchase since it indicates a real profit. 

Total Pumping Power/g-mole methane produced Equivalent Total Thermal Pumping Power/g-mole CH cal(e)/g-mole = cal(t)/g-mole = 12334 30834... 

It is obvious from the table that the conversion of the series of CSTRs increases with the number of CSTRs (total volume is constant), approaching an upper limit that is the value of the conversion of a PFR with the same volume as the total volume of the CSTR system. The PFR itself can be considered as an infinite number of differential homogeneous slices, each one of which behaves like a CSTR. The increase in conversion with the number of CSTRs is at first very rapid, levelling off later and hence, in practice, a number of CSTRs between 10 and 20 has an overall conversion similar to the equivalent total volume PFR. How... 

For more than two decades the usage of centralized computing facilities had been the most economic approach in the application of computers within a company or an institution. Grosch s law - named after one of the early pioneers in the field -described this situation the price of a computer increases with the square-root of the compute-power. In other words for twice the price a central computer with four times the CPU- power could be purchased thus, a centralized big computer system was more cost-effective than a number of smaller computers with equivalent total power. Furthermore, the connection of individual systems to form a network was a difficult task no accepted standards for the required hardware and software did exist. In most cases rather low-speed connections only, via asynchroneous RS 2320-lines, could be implemented. 

Total Phenolics by Folin Ciocalteau. The Folin-Ciocalteau total phenol level decreased with all fining agents and significantly with carbon and bentonite at all levels and PVPP at the highest level (Table III). One interference in the Folin-Ciocalteau assay is protein (29). This is of specific importance in this study because the vsdnes are diluted to equivalent total phenol levels according to this assay for the subsequent LDL oxidation tests. New finished wines have very low levels of protein, however, the concentration of proteins that remain after fining has not been well documented. 

Antioxidant Activity towards Human LDL. At equivalent total phenol levels (by the Folin Ciocalteau method), all samples had similar activity at 10.0 pM where inhibition was generally above 95%. At 20 pM GAE all wines inhibited more than 99% of LDL oxidation regardless of the fining agent used. However, the wines had very different antioxidant activities at 5.0 pM (Table IV). The antioxidant activity at 5.0 pM GAE increased with all fining agents and dramatically with PVPP and bentonite. Because the antioxidant activities were compared after dilutions to equivalent total phenol levels, it is important to note that the data shows which samples of phenolics have the most potency at the same concentration, not which sample has the highest antioxidant concentration. 

Mars is characterized by low noble gas abundances in the atmosphere, with equivalent total planet concentrations that are 10 times less than on Earth. The amount of martian carbon is also not well known while the atmosphere has only 7 X 10 g C, equivalent to 0.01 ppm for the bulk planet (Owen et al, 1977), a large fraction may be stored in the polar regolith. 

One of the first models available is that proposed in a paper by Williams [1], from which several other studies have been initiated. This model has been challenged in a paper by Zanichelli et al. [2]. These authors have presented a detailed study of the first moments of the impact testing event and proposed a model that is based on experimental evidence that shows that i) at the beginning the tested specimen does not interact with the support, ii) the mass initially involved is not the equivalent total mass of the specimen but only a part of it initially in contact with the striker, and iii) the stiffness that really plays a role at the beginning is a local one also related to the contact area. Later, Marur et al. [3], using auxiliary measurements, have validated experimentally a complete model similar to those proposed by the authors mentioned before. More recently, Pavan and Draghi [4] have developed a more complete model than the ones already available and verified it for the case in which the specimen is tested without using supports. 

Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is a modahty in which diffusive and convective methods are combined to increase removal of large molecular weight intoxicants. If this ultrafiltration dialysis is conducted at lower blood and dialysate flow rates, convection can provide equivalent total clearance with less hemodynamic perturbance and dialysate wastage. 

When neither human data nor animal LC data were sufficient, NIOSH considered animal lethal dose (LD) data. NIOSH used the LD data to estimate the equivalent total dose to a 70 kg worker. The 30 min LC was estimated by dividing by 10 m, even though a worker breathing at a rate of 501min for 30 min would inhale 1.5 m of air. NIOSH determined a preliminary IDLH by dividing this estimated LC value by a factor of 10. 

Table 1 lists temperatures associated with each H2-TPSR peak maximum for Fe and Fe/K catalysts previously reacted in CO/H2 at 215 or 245-8°C. Peak areas are sununarized in Table 2 in terms of monolayer equivalents, based on the hydrogen chemisorption uptakes of fresh, reduced K-free (70 p,moles/g) and K-promoted (50 pmole/g) catalysts, while the corresponding fractional compositions are listed in Table 3. Monolayer equivalent totals calculated from individual peaks are within 4% of the measured carbon amounts. TPSR peaks (1 through 7) of progressively higher peak temperature are designated as a, (X2, Y, Y2. P, 8, and 82 these forms are progressively less reactive with Hj.

Depth of Each Rain, cm Total of Rains Total Rain Depth,cm Year Equivalent Total Ca Leachate,g Equivalent CaC02,g Total Mg Leachate,g Equivalent MgC0o,g Total CaC0o+MgC0o,g Total Average Leach Rate ug/cm rain-cm area Weight Ratio,... 

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