Economical approach

It should be noted that a capital allowance Is not a cashflow item, but is only calculated to enable the taxable income to be determined. The treatment of capital allowance for this purpose is a petroleum economics approach, which may differ from the accountant s view of depreciation when calculating net book values and profit. 

Although the industrial synthesis of vitamin remains largely unchanged from its early beginnings, significant effort has been devoted to improvements in the condensation step, the oxidation of dihydrovitarnin to vitamin K, and in economical approaches to vitamin (vide infra). Also, several chemical and biochemical alternatives to vitamin have been developed. 

Because alterations to equipment design can be cumbersome and expensive, a more economical approach may be to change the metallurgy of affected components. Metals used in typical cooling water environments vary in their resistance to erosion-corrosion. Listed in approximate order of increasing resistance to erosion-corrosion, these are copper, brass, aluminum brass, cupronickel, steel, low-chromium steel, stainless steel, and titanium. 

Kahn, J. R. (1998). The Economic Approach to Environmental and Natural Resources, 2nd cd. Orlando, EL Dryden Press. 

Compared to regulation, cross subsidies are a more market-based approach for discouraging air pollution emissions from energy production. Economists generally agree that economic approach-... 

For some refiners, hydrotreating the feed may be an appropriate economical approach. Except for most of the California crudes and a... 

On the other hand, the Hoar Committee s estimate for the UK did not include some significant factors, and some costs that were considered have increased in real terms since the estimates were made. Larger plants and structures are more common, and even when there is no increase in size more intensive use of equipment is demanded. As a result, the real cost of downtime or unavailability, and of dislocation to users of, for example, motorway viaducts while repairs are made, have increased appreciably. Moreover, maintenance and rectification are labour intensive activities, and hence particularly susceptible to the effects of inflation. The increases probably outweigh the savings mentioned, and the current cost of corrosion in the UK is probably around 4% of GNP. As future savings depend on the improvement being maintained despite pressures to reduce first costs, a sound economic approach to corrosion is no less important than it was in 1970. 

Applying a flow equalization tank is usually considered to be an economic approach to meet the peak requirement. However, too long a retention time may result in an anaerobic environment. A decrease in pH and bad odors are common problems during the process. 

Because some sort of valuation and ranking of options always have and always will take place in decision making. The choice is between using economic values derived in a consistent and transparent way (environmental economics approach), or to use arbitrary and random economic or other values estimated in a case-by-case setting. And the authors of this chapter are in favour of a transparent approach that is open for improvements. 

Chevassus-Au-Louis B, Salles J-M, Pujol J-L, Bielsa S, Richard D, Martin G (2009) An economic approach to biodiversity and ecosystem services - contribution to public decision making La Documentation franfaise - Paris, June 2009... 

The Public financing of pharmaceuticals an economic approach / edited by Jaume Puig-Junoy. p. cm. 

Most reed switch suppliers can perform value-added cutting and shaping of the leads in a stress-free environment, using proper tools and equipment This is often the most economical approach for users, although it may not seem so at the time. 

The modification of electrolytes via additives is attractive to industry as an economical approach however, its impact on electrolyte performance is mainly restricted to tuning interfacial-related properties because of their small concentration in the electrolyte, while other challenges for the state-of-the-art electrolytes such as temperature limits, ion conductivity, and Inflammability are still determined by the physical properties of the bulk components. Improvements in these bulk-related properties can only be realized by replacing the bulk components of the electrolytes with new solvents and salts, but such efforts have been met with difficulty, since more often than not the improvement in the individually targeted properties is achieved at the expense of other properties that are also of vital importance to the performance of electrolytes. Such collateral damage undermines the significance of the improvements achieved and, in some cases, even renders the entire effort unworthy. 

In the extraction of organic components, as will be shown, these three steps can all be equally important for costs of operating and capital costs. Design calculations cannot be made based on distribution coefficients alone. Thus, several cases have shown that the optimum economic approach was neither obvious nor anticipated in preliminary studies. 

Gosling, L. M. (1981). Demarkation in a gerenuk territory an economic approach. ZeitschriftjurTierpsychohgie 56,305-322. 

Rienitz O, Schiel D, Guttler B, Koch M, Borchers U (2007) A convenient and economic approach to achieve Sl-traceable reference values to be used in drinking-water interlaboratory comparisons. Accred. Qual. Assur. 12, 615-622... 

Bernhardt, W., Konig, A., Lee, W. and Menard, H., Economic Approaches to Utilize Alcohol Fuels in Automobiles, Inter. Symposium on Alcohol Fuel Technology, Wolfsburg, Germany (Nov. 1977). 

Paulvannan K (2004) An atom-economical approach to conformationally constrained tricyclic nitrogen heterocycles via sequential and tandem Ugi/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of pyrrole. J Org Chem 69 1207-1214... 

In the Claisen-Schmidt condensation at the same temperature and with ethanol solvent present, lower yields of a-enones were observed. The best yield corresponds to condensation of the most reactive furfural with acetophenone, giving 95% a-enone after 1 h in a batch reactor. A comparison of the results characterizing the two reactions led to the conclusion that the W-H reaction provides the more efficient and selective synthesis of a-enones however, the CS condensation provides the more economic approach. 

Cutler, David M., and Srikanth Kadiyala. 2003. The Return to Biomedical Research Treatment and Behavioral Effects, in Measuring the Gains from Medical Research An Economic Approach, ed. by Kevin M. Murphy and Robert H. Topel, 110-162. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 

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