Total equivalent volume distribution

Total equivalent volume of distribution Vtot (units volume). This is the total volume of the system seen from the accessible pool it is the volume in which the total amount of drug would be distributed, assuming the concentration of material throughout the system is uniform and equal to the concentration in the accessible pool. 

For the ACs the data are representative of the samples after heat-treatment at all three temperatures since during their fabrication these materials have already been treated at temperatures in excess of 850°C. However, for the alumina and clay samples the surface areas and pore volumes are shown after treatment at each temperature as these materials undergo various phase transitions that lead to sintering of the samples and shifts in their relative pore size distributions with heat-treatment. The particle size was determined from the corresponding MIP curve for the powder raw material. The Sbet in the case of microporous ACs should be considered as an apparent surface area due to the micropore filling mechanism associated with these materials [15]. The external area and micropore volumes were calculated from the slope and intercept of the t-plots of the corresponding isotherms. The total pore volume was taken as the amount of gas adsorbed at a relative pressure of 0.96 on the desorption isotherm, equivalent to a pore diameter of 50 nm. The mesopore volume was calculated from the difference in the total pore volume and the micropore volume. 

Water is abundant on our planet, distinguishing Earth from all other planets in the solar system. More than 97% of Earth s water is in the oceans, with 2.1% in the polar ice caps and 0.6% in aquifers. The atmosphere contains only about one part in a hundred thousand (0.001%) of Earth s available water. However, the transport and phase distribution of this relatively small amount of water (estimated total liquid equivalent volume of 13,000 km3) are some of the most important features of Earth s climate. The existence of varying pressures and temperatures in the atmosphere and at the Earth s surface causes water to constantly transfer among its gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Clouds, fogs, rain, dew, and wet aerosol particles represent different forms of that water. Aqueous atmospheric particles play a major role in atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric radiation, and atmospheric dynamics. 

The previous expressious involve particle number (and energy) fluctuations. It is more conunon, and totally equivalent, to use correlation/distribution functions to replace the number fluctuations. In many cases this can help to clarify the significance of the number fluctuations (correlations) as we indicate in this section. However, in doing so one has to lemanber that these distributions correspond to a systan volume that is open to aU species. 

Kiselev [74] employed this method successfully for the determination of the total surface area of a number of adsorbents, having only wide pores, and the results were in good agreement with BET surface areas. For narrow pores, core and pore surface differ considerably. In terms of volume distributions, this technique is equivalent to plotting condensed volume desorbed (V ) against half the Kelvin radius. 

When the interaction rate is measured in this way one studies the course of a chemical reaction which occurs in the dispersed phase between two components. One component (C) is present in the reactor before the experiment starts and either is dissolved in the continuous phase or homogeneously distributed in the dispersed phase. The other component (A) is added at the beginning of the experiment in a highly concentrated form in a very small extra volume of the dispersed phase. The total amount of A must at leaBt be the stoichiometric equivalent of the total amount of component C already present in the reactor. 

For the sake of this discussion, it is assumed that the deposit is electrically insulating. This limits the available anodic and cathodic sites to the material surface at the base of the pores. If it is assumed that steady-state conditions exist within the deposit, then the only film parameter that changes as corrosion progresses will be its thickness. Ideally, the deposit can be considered to contain a uniform distribution of cylindrical pores, each of radius r, and length l with the latter equivalent to the thickness of the film. The cross-sectional area of the pores will be Jjriri, their volume YjirU, and the total volume of the deposit including pores, IA. 

Sharovamikov and Tsap [66] have proposed another way to measure the liquid distribution in a foam based on the evaluation of the geometric coefficient B. The dependence of the film liquid volume fraction on the total foam liquid volume (ft = cp/( +(p) can be expressed by two almost equivalent formulae (see Section 8.3.)... 

A deadtime element is basically a distributed system. One approximate way to get the dynamics of distributed systems is to lump them into a number of perfectly mixed sections. Prove that a series of N mixed tanks is equivalent to a pure deadtime as N goes to infinity. (Hint Keep the total volume of the system constant as more and more lumps are used.)... 

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